The Other America
Andrew Wink
Key Terms
•Urban renewal- solution to the housing
problem in inner cities
•Bracero- Mexican labor force that would move
from farm to farm to harvest crops.
•Termination policy- eliminated federal
economic support, discontinued the reservation
system, and distributed tribal lands among
individual Native Americans.
Key Dates
•1944- established National Congress of American
Indians
•1947- 200,000 braceros enter the United States
•1948- Mexican-American veterans organize the
American G.I Forum
•1949- The national housing act is passed
•1950- Massive migration to the suburbs
•1955- the United States deports 2 million illegal aliens
•1962- ¼ of Americans were living below the poverty line
•1963- Termination Policy Abandoned
White Flight
• Millions of middle class Americans left the cities
for the suburbs.
• Following that, 5 million African Americans
moved into more urban areas.
• Urban poor suffered because the city
governments could no longer afford to pay to
improve or maintain schools, public
transportation, and police and fire departments
because all of the people who had made money
for the cities had left for suburbs.
The Inner Cities/ Urban Renewal
• All of the wealthy had left for suburbs leaving
only the poor and uneducated in the city.
• Most of the American people believed that
poverty didn’t exist in America.
• Poor people left in cities were mostly minorities
and they were forced to live crammed in houses.
• The National Housing Act was passed to develop
new homes for the people living in the city. It
failed because homes were razed and parking lots
and shopping centers were build instead of new
homes.
Mexican American Activism
• Braceros entered the country seeking work
harvesting crops.
• Braceros were Mexicans who had been
annexed into the Us with Texas and other
states and some came illegally into the
country.
• In 1954 the US launched Operation Wetback
which was a federal program designed to get
illegal Immigrants out of the country.
Longoria Incident
• Felix Longoria was denied a burial service in
Texas because he was a Mexican even though
he had fought in WWII.
• Mexican Americans organized the American
G.I Forum in 1948.
• Protests arose and as a result California
outlawed segregation in classrooms for
Mexican students.
Termination Policy
• In 1953 the federal government gave up its
responsibility of Native American Tribes.
• This forced the Native Americans to either survive on
their own or integrate with society.
• This also allowed the states to sell reservation land that
was within their state.
• The Bureau of Indian Affairs began a voluntary
relocation program to help Native Americans to settle
into cities.
• This failed mostly due to racial prejudices against the
Native Americans.
• The Termination Policy was abandoned in 1963
28.1 Kennedy and the cold war
Wally Coffay
Terms
• John F. Kennedy- The 35th president of the United States who was elected
by an incredibly small margin over Nixon in the heat of the Cuban Missile
crisis. Kennedy led the country in one of the biggest scares in American
history and kept the country in one piece.
• Flexible Response- The policy that believed that the nations conventional
(non nuclear) forces had been neglected during the buildup of nuclear
arms and needed to be strengthened again. This resulted in a large
increase in defense spending.
Terms
• Fidel Castro- The communist Cuban dictator who welcomed aid from the
Soviet Union in the Cold War. Castro’s violent beliefs were the root of the
Cuban Missile Crisis and caused many American’s to live in fear of a
nuclear bombing 90 miles away from Florida.
• Berlin Wall- The concrete and barbed wire barrier between East and West
Berlin that the East German troops set up during the Cold War. The wall
reduced the flow of East German refugees immensely and was a symbol of
Communist oppression.
Terms
• Hot Line- The phone line between the White House and the Kremlin in the
Cold War. This hookup enabled leaders of the two countries to
communicate at once if another crisis was to arise.
• Limited Test Ban Treaty- The agreement between the United States and
the Soviet Union that banned the testing of Nuclear weapons in the
atmosphere. This gave both countries a reason to no longer live in fear of
a possible nuclear bombing.
The Election of 1960
• The election of 1960 was between Republican Richard Nixon and
Democrat John F. Kennedy. Both candidates had similar positions on policy
issues. The election of 1960 had the first televised debate in US history.
Many people who watched the debate on T.V. believed that Kennedy won
due to his stage presents and dashing looks. However, many who listened
to the debate on the radio believed that Nixon was the winner due to his
strong points regarding foreign policy. Kennedy won the election by less
the 119,000 votes, which was the smallest margin since the election of
1888.
Crisis over Cuba
• Crisis over Cuba- When the communist Cuban dictator, Fidel Castro, sided
with the Soviet Union and received Nuclear missiles from the Soviet Union
due to the Bay of Pigs invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis began. The threat
of a Soviet bombing on the United States moved across the world from
Europe to 90 miles of the coast of Florida. This change scared the United
States and started the possibility of a global nuclear war. Castro felt that if
the United States threatened Cuba in any way then the missiles should be
launched. Khrushchev and Kennedy both agreed that the missiles would
be a last resort and should be avoided. After 6 days of a possible nuclear
war Khrushchev and Kennedy reached an agreement saying that the
Soviet Union would remove the missiles if the United States promised not
to invade Cuba. With this agreement came the end of the Cuban Missile
Crisis.
The Continuing Cold War
• Kennedy was determined to eliminate Communism throughout the world.
A very big concern of his was the city of Berlin, which was split between
communism and non-communism. Many people fled the communist East
Germany to go to the non-communist West Germany. Kennedy and
Khrushchev fought over the link between the two sides of Germany, in
which Khrushchev threatened to cut off all the links between the two
sides completely. The construction of the Berlin Wall ended the Berlin
crisis but further aggravated Cold War tensions. The creation of the Hot
Line allowed the two countries to discuss any matters before a rash
decision was made. Later in the year both countries agreed to the Limited
Test Treaty Ban that gave both countries a better feeling regarding a
nuclear war.
The New Frontier
Jared Won
The Camelot Years
• President Kennedy set a new tone for
the United States and its goals when
he was Elected President.
• JFK’s social qualities and charm gave
him widespread admiration from many
people.
• “ask not what your country can do for
you, but what you can d for your
country” (JFK).
• These years were called the Camelot
Years because Kennedy and his
advisors reminded many of a modern
day Camelot.
• The “Best and Brightest’” were
Kennedy’s team of talented advisors:
McGeorge Bundy, Robert McNamara,
Dean Rusk, and Rob Kennedy
(brother).
The Promise of Progress
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JFK proposes his plan; The New
Frontier.
Kennedy lacked votes on Capitol
Hill to pass legislation to take action
with his plan.
Deficit Spending promoted to help
boost the economy.
Kennedy lacked a mandate.
International Aid is made a priority
by Kennedy.
Peace Corps and Alliance for
Progress created.
Helped Third world countries with
aid, technology, and resources
The Promise of Progress cont.
•
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Soviets Launch Vostok into space
U.S. and Kennedy feel they needed to
match the soviets.
Increased advances in space programs.
May 1961: Alan Shepard’s brief flight into
space
February 20, 1969: John Glenn orbits the
earth 3 times.
July 20, 1969: U.S astronaut is the first
man to land on the moon.
Caused an increase in education and
funding for science programs and
businesses.
Michael Harrington’s book The Other
America displays the poverty in the U.S.
Kennedy calls for a national assault on the
issue of poverty and orders the justice
department to investigate racial injustices
in the south.
Tragedy in Dallas
• November 22, 1963 JFK is
assassinated in Dallas, Texas.
• His alleged killer is Lee Harvey
Oswald.
• The day of Oswald’s trial, Jack
Ruby kills him in a public crowd.
• Conspiracies arise.
• The Warren Commission
investigates and they conclude
Oswald is the sole killer alone.
• People still suspicious of
conspiracies.
• Lyndon Johnson is sworn in on Air
Force 1.
• Kept the country in tact and
continued where JFK left off.
Key Terms and Names
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Lyndon B. Johnson
Economic Opportunity Act
Great Society
Medicare and Medicaid
Immigration Act of 1965
Warren Court
Reapportionment
Miranda Rights
Great Society Key Dates
• 1964- Economic Opportunity Act: created job Corps,
VISTA, and Head Start Project
• 1964- Civil Rights Act: outlawed discrimination,
increased federal power towards civil rights
• 1965- Medical Care Act: created Medicare and
Medicaid programs
• 1965- Higher Education Act: funded scholarships and
low-interest loans for college students
• 1966- Highway Safety Act: required states to set up
highway safety programs
• 1967- Corporation for Public Broadcasting: funded
educational Tv and radio broadcasting
LBJ’s Path to Power
• In 1937 LBJ won a special election to fill a vacant seat
in the US house of Representatives
• Early in his Career President Roosevelt took LBJ under
his wing
 He helped him secure key committee assignments in
Congress and sheer much needed electrification and
water projects in Texas
• In 1955, He rose to a position of Senate majority leader
• It was Johnson’s deft handling of Congress that the
nation passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957
• Also became JFK’s vice president
Key Terms and Names
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Lyndon B. Johnson
Economic Opportunity Act
Great Society
Medicare and Medicaid
Immigration Act of 1965
Warren Court
Reapportionment
Miranda Rights
Great Society Key Dates
• 1964- Economic Opportunity Act: created job Corps,
VISTA, and Head Start Project
• 1964- Civil Rights Act: outlawed discrimination,
increased federal power towards civil rights
• 1965- Medical Care Act: created Medicare and
Medicaid programs
• 1965- Higher Education Act: funded scholarships and
low-interest loans for college students
• 1966- Highway Safety Act: required states to set up
highway safety programs
• 1967- Corporation for Public Broadcasting: funded
educational Tv and radio broadcasting
LBJ’s Path to Power
• In 1937 LBJ won a special election to fill a vacant seat
in the US house of Representatives
• Early in his Career President Roosevelt took LBJ under
his wing
 He helped him secure key committee assignments in
Congress and sheer much needed electrification and
water projects in Texas
• In 1955, He rose to a position of Senate majority leader
• It was Johnson’s deft handling of Congress that the
nation passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957
• Also became JFK’s vice president
LBJ Post Assassination Agenda
• Congress passes a 11 billion dollar tax reduction
in 1964
• War on Poverty
 Economic Opportunity Act- approved 1 billion
dollars for youth programs, anti poverty
measures, small buisness loans and job training
The 1964 Election
• Lyndon Johnson VS. Barry Goldwater
• LBJ helps the US through hard times after the
assassination of JFK
• LBJ has success in Legislation
• Goldwater nominated in the conservative party
• He believed that the government had no business
trying to right the social and economic wrongs
• In 1964 American public was more interested in
LBJ’s liberal goals and was scared of Goldwater’s
plans to use nuclear weapons
• LBJ won the election by a landslide
The Great Society
• The great society demands and end to poverty and
radical injustice
• Through 1965 and 1966 The Johnson Administration
introduced a flurry of Bills to congress
• Johnson considered education the key to the door of
the great society
• Three key elements to his plan
o Medicare
o Education
o Immigration
Reforms of Warren Court
• Banned prayer in public schools
• Reapportionment- the way in which states
redraw election districts based on the changing
number of people in them
• Baker v. Carr- the first of several decisions that
established the principal of one person one vote
• Miranda Rights- subjects have the right to remain
silent, anything they say may be used against
them, and they have the right to a lawyer
The Segregation System
• Plessy v. Ferguson
– Occurred in 1896
– “Equal but Separate”
• Accommodations on locomotives were identical but there
were segregated sections
– Supreme Court ruled that this law did not violate the 14th
Amendments equal treatments for al citizens policy
• Segregation Continues
– Even though equality continued to surface, the unfair
treatment of African Americans didn’t change
• Jim Crow laws were still acting in Southern states
Challenging Segregation in Court
• NAACP formed in 1909 to fight to end
segregation
– NAACP strived for small victories in court to work
toward desegregation
• Brown v. Board of Education (May 17, 1954)
– Headed by NAACP lawyer Thurgood Marshall
• Supreme Court ruled segregation as unconstitutional
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
• Put into motion by Rosa Parks (December 1,
1955)
– She refused to give up her seat for a white man
– She was later arrested
• The African American community followed in
protest
– Peaceful protest lead by Martin Luther King Jr.
– Stopped using the busses to get to work, the store,
etc.
– Ended in 1956 when the Supreme Court outlawed bus
segregation
MLK and Nonviolent Protest
• MLK’s “Soul Force”
– Non-violent protest
• SCLC
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Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Created by MLK in 1957
Non-violent protest group
Purpose was “to carry on nonviolent crusades against evils of
second-class citizenship”
• SNCC
– Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
– Many college students opposed racism and segregation
– Many students got hurt, lost scholarships, and got kicked out of
their school for this protest
The Movement Spreads
• In 1942, the Congress for Racial Equality, or
CORE, organized the first sit-ins
• February 1960, African American students
formed a sit-in at a whites only lunch
• More and more gravitated to nonviolent
protest to end such evils and social injustices
• Many groups formed
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Chapter 29.2
Key People
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James Meredith – An air force vet that won a federal court
case that allowed him to enroll into an all-white Ole Miss
• •
Robert Moses – A former New York school teacher who quit to
be apart the SNCC. He led the voter project in Mississippi.
• •
Fannie Lou Hamer – The daughter of Mississippi
sharecroppers, who won the honor of speaking for the MFDP at the
convention.
Key groups
• •
Freedom riders – A group of college students
that traveled through the south on a bus trying to
spread freedom.
• •
Freedom Summer – An organization that was
created by the SNCC, which trained college
students how to protest civil rights in a nonviolent way.
Key events
• •
Civil Rights Act of 1964 – Prohibited
discrimination because of race, religion, National
origin, and gender.
•
Voting Rights Act of 1965 – The act eliminated
the literacy test that had disqualified so many
voters. It also stated that federal examiners could
enroll voters denied suffrage by local officials.
Significance
• The significance of this chapter is that it is the start of
African Americans taking serious actions upon civil
rights. This is also the section where the government
finally eliminates discrimination and desegregates
schools. This is a huge part of our history and a very
victorious piece.
• This wasn’t the end of racism, but it was the beginning
of a new era.
Chapter 29.3
Andrew Sullivan
African Americans Seek Greater
Equality.
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There were two types of segregation
De facto was segregation by practice and custom
De jure was segregation by law
Blacks moving into cities caused a white flight
Urban violence in cities increases
Race riots are frequent in places like Harlem
In 1967 riots and violent clashes took place in more than
100 cities
• MLK states that “The Great Society has been shot down on
the battlefields of Vietnam”
New Leaders Voice Discontent
• Malcom X becomes a vocal activist
• Went to jail and studied the teachings of the Nation of
Islam
• Became an incredible powerful and intense speaker
• In March 1964 Malcom split from the Nation of Islam
• In his trip to Mecca he radically changed his views and
started the slogan “Ballots or Bullets.”
• Malcom realized the Nation of Islam would come to
try to kill him eventually
• In early 1965 Malcom walked into Harlem’s Ballroom
to give a speech and was shot by three men
associated with the Nation of Islam
New leaders voice discontent
• A man named James Meredith started a march
against fear in early June of 1966
• After Meredith was shot, MLK and Stokely Carmichael
continued the march
• Carmichael later was arrested and protestors flooded
to the scene to protest the arrest
• Carmichael used the term Black Power to energize the
protesters
• Huey Newton and Bobby Searle found the Black
Panthers
• They were militant in nature and often fought
violence with violence
1968 – a turning point in civil rights
• MLK object to Black Power
• On April 4th 1968 MLK was shot standing outside his
balcony by James Earl Ray
• That night RFK made a passionate speech for the end
of racial violence
• Rage over MLKs death lead to the worst rioting in US
history
• 125 cities exploded in tension, anger, and dissent
• In June, Robert Kennedy himself was assinated by a
Jordan immigrant
Legacy of the civil rights movement
• March 2nd 1968 the Kerner Commission issued a
200,000 word report which called for the end of de
facto segregation and make two separate societies for
black and whites
• The Civil Rights Act of 1968 was passed which ended
discrimination in housing
• 1970 an estimated two thirds of African Americans
were registered to vote
• As the years went on, more and more African
Americans began to see changes in housing,
education, and societal norms that benefitted them.
Famous people
Malcom X
MLK
RFK