DNA and Protein Synthesis
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids - Function
• Control the processes of
heredity by which cells and
organisms reproduce proteins.
Nucleic Acids – Types
• DNA
–Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• RNA
–Ribonucleic Acid
Do you remember DNA structure?
SUGAR
Phosphate
Let’s build on that knowledge…
DNA is …
100%
Single stranded
Double stranded
Triple stranded
0%
ra
nd
e
d
de
d
le
Tr
ip
bl
e
ou
D
st
st
ra
n
de
st
ra
n
e
ng
l
d
0%
Si
1.
2.
3.
Every nucleotide is made up of…
Sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen base
All of the above
ft
he
ll
o
A
N
itr
og
en
ab
ba
s
te
Ph
os
ph
a
ga
ov
e
0%
e
0%
r
0%
Su
1.
2.
3.
4.
100%
The two strands of DNA are bonded together in the
middle by their…
81%
Sugars
Phosphates
Nitrogen bases
ba
s
en
itr
og
N
Ph
os
ph
a
ga
te
s
rs
es
13%
6%
Su
1.
2.
3.
Protein Synthesis
• It’s a process
– DNA -> RNA -> Amino Acids (Protein)
RNA
• Sugar is Ribose NOT what…
• Has nitrogen base Uracil
instead of Thymine
– Also contains the other 3
bases…what are they?
• Only single stranded
RNA
Three processes in this unit…
• 1. Replication (DNA DNA)
• 2. Transcription (DNA mRNA)
• 3. Translation (RNA Protein)
Let’s Build A Protein
Transcription
• 1.) DNA strand unzips
– The bonds between the nitrogen bases are broken
– Initiated by RNA polymerase (enzyme) binding to
promoter site on DNA
• 2.) A single strand of mRNA (messenger RNA) is
made
– Pair up the bases
The mRNA then travels from nucleus to cytoplasm
Transcription
Where in the cell does transcription take
place?
88%
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Golgi Body
Vacuole
13%
0%
G
ol
e
cu
Va
ol
gi
le
u
Bo
d
s
y
0%
uc
N
ito
ch
M
yt
op
la
s
m
on
dr
ia
0%
C
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Any given segment of DNA has directions
that make unique what?
100%
ce
pi
d
lls
s
0%
lo
o
d
Li
ns
0%
Pr
ot
ei
lu
c
os
e
0%
B
Glucose
Proteins
Lipids
Blood cells
G
1.
2.
3.
4.
If a DNA strand has the following sequence of base pairs – A C T G G
T C C A A , then the mRNA strand would have what sequence?
TGACCAGGTT
ACTGGTCCAA
TGUCCUGGTT
UGACCAGGUU
33%
13%
U
T
U
T
G
G
G
G
A
U
C
C
C
C
U
G
A
U
T
G
T
C
A
G
A
G
C
G
C
T
A
C
G
C
G
A
T
T
A
0%
T
1.
2.
3.
4.
53%
Why is mRNA called messenger RNA?
• Because it carries the directions to make a
protein to the ribosome like a message
Actually 3 types of RNA
• mRNA- messenger
– Brings message from nucleus to ribosomes in
cytoplasm
• rRNA- ribosomal
– Make up a ribosome
• tRNA- transfer
– “transfers” amino acids from the cytoplasm to the
ribosome to be added to the chain
The difference between RNA and DNA is
what?
The phosphates
The sugars
The nitrogen bases
The way the
monomer units bond
67% 67%
33%
m
e.
..
es
en
on
o
ba
s
ga
su
e
Th
e
w
Th
ay
e
th
e
m
ni
tr
og
Th
e
ph
os
ph
at
es
rs
0%
Th
1.
2.
3.
4.
mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and travels to the
cytoplasm to meet up with which organelle?
100%
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Golgi Body
Lysosome
Nucleus
0%
0%
N
uc
le
u
s
e
so
Ly
ol
gi
G
so
m
Bo
d
m
e
y
0%
so
ib
o
R
ito
ch
on
dr
ia
0%
M
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Translation
•
•
•
•
mRNA meets up with a ribosome…why??
tRNA molecules bring amino acids to ribosomes
An mRNA codon will pair with a tRNA anticodon
–
Codon: 3 Nitrogen base sequence in mRNA that specifies a
specific amino acid
–
Anticodon: 3 Nitrogen base sequence in tRNA
As tRNA’s are added, amino acids are bonded together and
will be released as a fully functional protein.
Translation
That’s the process, Now how do you know what amino acids make up
a particular protein
• We use an mRNA codon chart
Where in the cell does transcription, the first part of protein
synthesis, take place?
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
9
10
11
12
14
15
16
m
yt
op
C
ib
o
R
13
0%
la
s
le
u
uc
N
ito
ch
M
1
0%
m
es
0%
s
on
dr
ia
0%
so
1.
2.
3.
4.
17
18
19
20
DNA has the directions to make what?
Glucose
Nucleotides
Proteins
Monosaccharides
le
o
es
M
on
os
N
ac
uc
0%
ch
ar
id
s
tid
e
os
lu
c
G
0%
ns
0%
e
0%
Pr
ot
ei
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
After a strand of mRNA is made where does
it go?
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Lysosome
Vacuole
ol
e
e
0%
cu
Va
M
Ly
ito
ch
0%
so
m
m
e
so
ib
o
R
0%
on
dr
ia
0%
so
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Where in the cell does translation, the second part of protein
synthesis, take place?
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Golgi body
Cytoplasm
0%
m
yt
op
la
s
bo
d
le
u
uc
M
C
G
N
ito
ch
0%
y
0%
s
on
dr
ia
0%
ol
gi
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Molecules called tRNA’s are floating around the
cytoplasm carrying what?
mRNA’s
Glucose
DNA
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
9
10
11
12
13
14
Ac
i
tid
e
16
17
m
in
o
A
uc
15
0%
s
A
le
o
lu
c
G
N
1
0%
ds
0%
N
os
A’
s
RN
m
0%
e
0%
D
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
18
19
20
An mRNA codon is made up of how many
nitrogen bases?
1
3
6
24
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
9
10
11
12
0%
13
14
0%
15
16
17
24
3
0%
1
0%
6
1.
2.
3.
4.
18
19
20
Using your mRNA codon chart, what amino
acid would a ribosome call for if the codon was
AAC?
Phenylalanine
Glutamine
Asparagine
Lysine
Tyrosine
ro
s
in
e
0%
A
Ty
si
ne
Ly
e
0%
Ph
en
0%
ar
ag
in
lu
ta
m
in
e
0%
G
yl
a
la
n
in
e
0%
sp
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
What protein would be synthesized from the
following mRNA strand?
ACUUUCGAAUAC
Threonine – phenylalanine –
glutamate – tyrosine
Phenylalanine – leucine –
methionine – valine
Tyrosine – glutamate –
phenylalanine – threonine
Lysine – cysteine – arginine –
histidine
3.
0% 0% 0% 0%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
9
10
11
12
13
14
–
in
e
ro
s
yl
a
15
Ty
Th
Ph
en
re
o
ni
ne
la
n
–
in
e
ph
–
en
le
u
yl
a
ci
..
l..
.
4.
gl
ut
am
si
ne
at
e.
–
.
cy
st
ei
ne
–
a.
..
2.
16
Ly
1.
17
18
19
20
What protein would be synthesized from the
following DNA segment?
TAAGTACGCTAG
Isoleucine – alanine – histidine
– alanine
Isoleucine – histidine – alanine
– isoleucine
Phenylalanine – leucine –
valine – arginine
Isoleucine – leucine –
threonine – lysine
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
9
10
11
12
14
16
–.
..
ne
ci
..
uc
i
le
u
le
–
e
ci
n
ol
eu
en
Ph
15
–
in
e
hi
st
–
e
ci
n
ol
eu
Is
13
Is
ne
an
i
al
–
e
ci
n
ol
eu
Is
1
...
0% 0% 0% 0%
–.
..
4.
la
n
3.
yl
a
2.
id
in
e
1.
17
18
19
20
How would you assess your comprehension of DNA and Protein
Synthesis?
A
B
C
D
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
9
10
11
12
B
0%
13
14
0%
15
16
17
D
0%
A
0%
C
1.
2.
3.
4.
18
19
20