TH

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• TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING ADVANCES SETUP THE GROWTH OF MODERN AMERICAN
CITIES
• BY THE TURN OF THE 20 TH CENTURY 4 OUT OF EVERY 10 AMERICANS' LIVED IN CITIES
• SKY SCRAPERS – THE INVENTION OF ELEVATORS AND INTERNAL STEEL SKELETONS IN
BUILDINGS LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SKYSCRAPERS
• LOUIS SULLIVAN DESIGNED THE 10 STORY WAINWRIGHT BUILDING IN SAINT LOUIS
• SKYSCRAPERS WERE AMERICAS GREATEST CONTRIBUTION TO ARCHITECT
• DANIEL BURNHAM DEVELOPED THE FLATIRON BUILDING IN NEW YOUR THAT WAS SLENDER AND 285
FEET TALL AND UTILIZED THE SMALL SPACE IN NEW YORK CITY

• ELECTRIC TRANSIT – ELECTRIC STREET CARS (TROLLEYS) REPLACED HORSES PULLING CARS
• RICHMOND, VIRGINIA WAS THE 1 ST AMERICAN CITY TO ELECTRIFY IT’S STREET CARS IN 1888
• NEW YORK AND OTHER TOWNS BUILT UNDERGROUND SUBWAYS THAT TRANSPORTED MASS
AMOUNTS OF PEOPLE
• SOME CITIES BUILT THEIR STREET CARS WELL ABOVE STREET LEVEL (“EL” TRAINS SHORT FOR ELEVATED
TRAINS)

• STEEL CABLE SUSPENSION BRIDGES BROUGHT CITY SECTIONS TOGETHER THAT WERE PREVIOUSLY
SEPARATED BY WATER WAYS (BROOKLYN BRIDGE)
• URBAN PARKS WERE CREATED TO GIVE PEOPLE IN THE CITY RECREATIONAL AREAS TO GO TO
• 1857- FREDERICK LAW OLMSTEAD LED THIS MOVEMENT AND DREW UP A PLAN FOR
“GREENSWARD” OR CENTRAL PARK
• IN THE 1870’S HE DEVELOPED MANY PARKS AROUND THE COUNTRY IN MAJOR CITIES
• WITH CITIES BOOMING FOR EXAMPLE CHICAGO GREW FROM 30,000 TO 300,000 FROM 1850 –
1870 PEOPLE HAD TO RE-PLAN THE STRUCTURE OF THE CITY IN ORDER FOR IT TO BE EFFECTIVE FOR
PEOPLE

• MANY NEW TECHNOLOGIES HELPED SPURN GROWTH NATIONWIDE
• PRINTING- DUE TO THE LITERACY RATE IN AMERICA GROWING TO AROUND 90% BY 1890
PRINTING PRESSES BECAME A BIG BUSINESS AND PEOPLE BEGAN TO PRINT DOCUMENTS
NATIONWIDE KEEPING AMERICANS’ INFORMED OF EVENTS NATIONWIDE
• AIRPLANES- ORVILLE AND WILBUR WRIGHT DEVELOPED THE ABILITY TO FLY AND HAD THEIR
1 ST SUCCESSFUL FLIGHT IN KITTY HAWK, NORTH CAROLINA WHICH WENT 120 FEET AND
LASTED 12 SECONDS

• PHOTOGRAPHY EXPLOSION- GEORGE EASTMAN MADE DEVELOPING PICTURES EASIER
ALLOWING PEOPLE TO TAKE MORE PICTURES ANYWHERE ANYTIME AS OPPOSED TO HAVING
TO DEVELOP THE PICTURES ON SITE.
• 1888 EASTMAN INTRODUCED THE KODAK CAMERA ALLOWING PEOPLE TO TAKE A ROLL OF
PICTURES AND THEN SEND THEM OFF TO GET DEVELOPED AT A LAB. THIS CAMERA WAS EASY
TO CARRY AROUND, HOLD AND EASY TO GET FILM DEVELOPED.
• AN AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHER WAS THE 1 ST TO CATCH THE 1 ST FLIGHT ON FILM IN KITTY
HAWK

• PEOPLE BEGAN TO SEE PUBLIC EDUCATION AS THE KEY TO ADVANCING SCIENTIFIC AND
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES
• BETWEEN 1865 AND 1895 STATES BEGAN PASSING LAWS REQUIRING 12 TO 16 WEEKS ANNUALLY
OF SCHOOL ATTENDANCE FOR CHILDREN BETWEEN THE AGES OF 8 AND 14
• THE EMPHASIS WAS ON READING, WRITING AND ARITHMETIC
• 62% OF WHITE CHILDREN ATTENDED SCHOOLS
• 34% OF BLACK CHILDREN ATTENDED SCHOOLS
• THESE NUMBERS WERE PRETTY CONSTANT UNTIL THE 1940’S WHEN MORE BLACK STUDENTS
BEGAN ATTENDING SCHOOLS

• HIGH SCHOOLS BECAME A MORE IMPORTANT PART OF EDUCATION AS BUSINESS LEADERS
SAW IT AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO DEVELOP FUTURE BUSINESS LEADERS.
• BY EARLY 1900 MORE THAN HALF A MILLION STUDENTS ATTENDED HIGH SCHOOLS IN
AMERICA
• THE CURRICULUM COVERED SCIENCE, CIVICS, AND SOCIAL STUDIES ALONG WITH THE
PREVIOUS SUBJECTS
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• BY 1910 ONLY ABOUT 3% OF BLACK STUDENTS ATTENDED HIGH SCHOOLS

• IMMIGRANTS WERE HIGHLY ENCOURAGED TO ATTEND SCHOOL
• JEWISH IMMIGRANTS WERE THE MAJORITY OF IMMIGRANTS IN AMERICA AS THEY WERE
FLEEING POVERTY AND OPPRESSION
• JEWISH IMMIGRANTS LIKED THE FREE EDUCATION IN AMERICAN PUBLIC SCHOOLS AND THIS
WAS A PROCESS OF AMERICANIZING THE IMMIGRANTS IN THE SCHOOLS
• SOME IMMIGRANTS RESENTED THE EMPHASIS ON ENGLISH AND RELIGION

• THOUSANDS OF ADULT IMMIGRANTS ATTENDED NIGHT SCHOOL IN ORDER OT LEARN
ENGLISH AND QUALIFY FOR AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP
• EMPLOYERS OFFERED DAY CLASSES IN ORDER TO AMERICANIZE IMMIGRANTS INTO AMERICAN
CULTURE

• BETWEEN 1880 AND 1920 AMERICANS’ COLLEGE ENROLLMENT MORE THAN QUADRUPLED
• INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT CHANGED THE NATIONS EDUCATIONAL NEEDS.
• PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS IN LAW AND MEDICINE WERE ESTABLISHED
• PRIVATE COLLEGES REQUIRED ENTRANCE EXAMS
• MOST STATE UNIVERSITIES ALLOWED THE HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA TO BE THE ADMITTANCE
REQUIREMENTS FOR ENROLLMENT

• THE FREEDMEN’S BUREAU HELPED ESTABLISH BLACK COLLEGE BETWEEN 1865-1868
• THEY FOUNDED HOWARD, ATLANTA, AND FISK UNIVERSITIES
• BY 1900 OUT OF 9 MILLION BLACKS IN POPULATION ONLY 3880 WERE ENROLLED IN COLLEGES OR PROFESSIONAL
SCHOOLS
• BOOKER T. WASHINGTON BELIEVED THAT RACISM WOULD END ONCE BLACKS ACQUIRED USEFUL LABOR SKILLS AND
PROVED THEIR ECONOMIC VALUE TO SOCIETY
• WASHINGTON GRADUATED FROM VIRGINIA’S HAMPTON INSTITUTE
• W.E.B. DUBOIS WAS THE FIRST BLACK TO RECEIVE A DOCTORATE FROM HARVARD IN 1895
• HE OPPOSED TO WASHINGTON’S THEORY AND FORMED THE NIAGARA MOVEMENT WHICH PUSHED BLACKS TO THE
LIBERAL ARTS COMMUNITY IN ORDER TO DEVELOP HIGHLY EDUCATED LEADERS IN THEIR OWN COMMUNITY

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• IN THE EARLY 20 TH CENTURY SOUTHERN STATES PUT REQUIREMENTS ON VOTING THAT MADE IT MORE
DIFFICULT FOR BLACKS TO VOTE
• THEY MADE PEOPLE PASS A LITERACY TEST IN ORDER TO VOTE AND WOULD GIVE DIFFERENT TESTS TO
DIFFERENT PEOPLE THEY WERE EVEN KNOWN TO GIVE BLACKS TESTS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGES
• THEY ALSO PUT INTO PLACE A POLL TAX (AN ANNUAL TAX THAT MUST BE PAID IN ORDER TO BE ELIGIBLE TO
VOTE)
• THEY ALSO PUT IN A GRANDFATHER CLAUSE THAT WOULD EXEMPT WHITE VOTERS FROM PAYING THE POLL
TAX OR PASSING THE LITERACY TEST IF THEIR FATHER OR GRANDFATHER WERE ELIGIBLE TO VOTE IN 1867
• THEY CHOSE 1867 BECAUSE BEFORE THAT DATE FREED SLAVES WERE NOT ELIGIBLE TO VOTE

• SOUTHERN STATES BEGAN TO PASS SEGREGATION LAWS IN THE 1870’S AND 80’S THESE
LAWS WERE KNOWN AS JIM CROW LAWS NAMED AFTER A POPULAR OLD MINSTREL SONG.
• SEGREGATION WAS PUT INTO PLACE IN SCHOOLS, HOSPITALS, PARKS, AND TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMS

• THERE WERE FORMAL (OFFICIAL) LAWS AND INFORMAL (UNOFFICIAL BUT UNDERSTOOD) THAT
PROMOTED SEGREGATION
• THESE WERE CUSTOMS AND IDEALS THAT MADE BLACKS SECOND CLASS CITIZENS
• BLACKS AND WHITES WERE NOT ALLOWED TO SHAKE HANDS BECAUSE THAT IS A SYMBOL OF
EQUALITY
• BLACKS HAD TO YIELD THE SIDEWALK TO WHITES
• BLACK MEN ALWAYS HAD TO REMOVE THEIR HAT TO WHITES AS WELL

• BOOKER T WASHINGTON AND OTHER MODERATE REFORMER BLACKS EARNED THE RESPECT OF
WHITES BY SUGGESTING THEY WORK TOGETHER FOR EQUALITY
• BLACKS WHO DID NOT FOLLOW THE ETIQUETTE WERE DEALT WITH HARSHLY OFTEN TIMES BEING
LYNCHED
• BETWEEN 1882 AND 1892 MORE THAN 1400 BLACKS WERE SHOT, HUNG, OR BURNED WITHOUT
TRIAL IN THE SOUTH
• MANY OF THEM MOVED NORTH TO AVOID RACISM AND GAIN JOBS BUT WHEN THEY MOVED UP
NORTH THEY FOUND VERY SIMILAR SITUATIONS
• OUT WEST ALL NON WHITES FACED A LOT OF DISCRIMINATION AS WELL

• MEXICANS, ASIANS, AND NATIVE AMERICANS’ POPULATED THE WEST ALONG WITH WHITES
• MEXICANS WERE VERY PROMINENT WORKERS IN THE WEST BECAUSE THE PROXIMITY OF MEXICO TO AMERICA
AS WELL AS THEIR ABILITY TO WORK IN THE CLIMATE AND AT A MUCH LOWER PAY GRADE
• THEY WERE VERY IMPORTANT TO THE GROWTH OF THE RAILROAD, MINES, AND AGRICULTURE IN THE WEST
• MEXICANS BECAME VICTIMS OF DEBT PEONAGE 9R BECOMING A SLAVE UNTIL THEY PAID OFF THEIR DEBTS
• 1911 THE SUPREME COURT DECLARED INVOLUNTARY DEBT PEONAGE UNCONSTITUTIONAL
• BY THE 1880 THERE WERE MORE THAN 100,000 CHINESE IMMIGRANTS IN THE WEST AND THEY TOOK UP A
LARGE PORTION OF THE WORK FORCE
• AS CHINESE TRIED TO PUSH INTO SOCIETY THERE WAS A LOT OF OPPOSITION TO CHINESE SEGREGATION

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• AT THE END OF THE 19 TH CENTURY AMERICANS’ BEGAN TO FIGHT OFF ROUGH CITY
WORKING LIFE BY FLOCKING TO LEISURE ACTIVITIES IN THEIR OFF TIME
• AMUSEMENT PARKS WERE A HUGE SUCCESS THE MOST PROMINENT ONE WAS CONEY ISLAND
CREATED IN NEW YORK IN 1884
• BICYCLING, SPORTS, AND THEATRE ALL BECAME POPULAR IN THIS TIME PERIOD AS WELL

• MANY CITIES BEGAN SETTING ASIDE LAND FOR AMUSEMENT PARKS AND PLAYGROUNDS FOR PEOPLE
• IN THE LATE 1800’S BICYCLES BECAME POPULAR WITH AMERICANS’ AND PROVIDED LEISURE ACTIVITY, EXERCISE, AND
TRANSPORTATION ALL IN ONE ACTIVITY
• TENNIS WAS A SPORT AMERICANS’ FLOCKED TO AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY AS IT WAS CREATED IN NORTH WALES IN 1873 AND A
YEAR LATER HAD MADE IT’S WAY TO AMERICA
• HERSHEY CHOCOLATE BAR WAS CREATED IN 1900
• COCA COLA WAS CREATED IN 1886 (ORIGINALLY TO FIX PEOPLE OF HEADACHES) NOW IT WAS A LEISURE DRINK FOR PEOPLE
• SPECTATOR SPORTS BECAME POPULAR (BOXING AND BASEBALL)
• THESE SPORTS EVENTUALLY BECAME BIG BUSINESS THE 1 ST PROFESSIONAL TEAM TO TRAVEL AROUND AND PLAY WAS THE CINCINNATI
RED STOCKINGS “REDS”
• BY 1876 THE NATIONAL LEAGUE WAS FORMED AS MULTIPLE TEAMS BEGAN TO TRAVEL AROUND TO PLAY
• 1903 THE 1 ST WORLD SERIES WAS PLAYED AS THE BOSTON PILGRIMS BEAT THE PITTSBURGH PIRATES

• AMERICA BECAME A MORE LITERATE COUNTRY THERE FORE NEWSPAPERS POPPED UP NATIONWIDE
• JOSEPH PULITZER A HUNGARIAN IMMIGRANT WHO HAD BOUGHT THE NEW YORK WORLD IN
1883 PIONEERED SEVERAL INNOVATIONS LIKE A LARGE SUNDAY EDITION WITH COMICS, SPORTS,
WOMEN’S NEWS, ETC.
• PULITZER WAS IN COMPETITION WITH WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST WHO RAN THE NEW YORK
MORNING JOURNAL
• BOTH PAPERS THROUGH SENSATIONALISM EVENTUALLY TOPPED 1 MILLION PAPERS A DAY
NATIONWIDE

• BY 1900 MOST CITIES IN AMERICA HAD AN ART GALLERY
• LIBRARIES POPPED UP UP IN EVERY CITY ACROSS AMERICA IN ORDER TO PROMOTE LITERACY
AND ARTS
• FICTION STORIES BECAME POPULAR AS WELL MARK TWAIN WAS A LEAD AUTHOR OF THE TIME
PERIOD AS HE WROTE TOM SAWYER AND HUCKLEBERRY FINN

• WITH CITIES GROWING SHOPPING CENTERS BEGAN TO POP UP WITH THE EARLIEST SHOPPING
CENTER OPENING IN CLEVELAND, OHIO IN 1890
• MARSHALL FIELD BROUGHT THE IDEA OF THE DEPARTMENT STORE TO AMERICA IN 1865. HIS FIRST
STORE WAS FOCUSED ON LADIES NEEDS AND WANTS
• CHAIN STORES ALSO BECAME POPULAR AS F.W. WOOLWORTH OPEN THE 1 ST CHAIN STORE IN
1870 MEANING THAT YOU COULD HAVE STORES WITH THE SAME GOODS AND PRICES AT MANY
DIFFERENT LOCATIONS WOOLWORTH’S WAS THE 1 ST OF THESE TYPE STORES. BY 1911 THERE
WERE 596 WOOLWORTH STORES NATIONWIDE
• MONTGOMERY WARD AND SEARS ROEBUCK BROUGHT GOODS TO THE CONSUMER BY WAY OF A
CATALOG. BY 1910 10 MILLION AMERICANS’ SHOPPED BY MAIL