Chapter 39
The End of Empire
1
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Decolonization in Asia
2
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India
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The Jewel of the Crown
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Legacy of British colonialism
Deep division between Hindus, Muslims
Role of Mohandas Ghandi
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“Vivisection” of India (Ghandi)
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Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Muslim League
Jawaharlal Nehru, Congress Party
1947 partition
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500,000 killed
10 million refugees
India moves toward nonalignment position
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The “third path”
4
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Muslims leave India, 1947
5
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Nationalist Struggles in Vietnam
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French reassert control after WW II
Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969), Communist leader
mounts guerilla war, defeats France in 1954
Vietnam divided at 17th parallel
Civil war between north (Communist) and south
President Lyndon Johnson (1908-1973) begins
increasing US involvement
6
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Vietnamese Protest French Occupation
7
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The Issue of Palestine
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After World War II, Arab states increasingly gain
independence
Palestine ruled by Great Britain between the wars
Proclaims support for Jewish “homeland” in
Palestine (Balfour Declaration, 1917)
Growing Jewish immigration from Europe from
1880s
Arab protests in 1920s and 1930s
8
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Demonstration against the Balfour
Declaration
9
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Creation of the State of Israel
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Jewish, Arab pressure drives British to hand
Palestine over to United Nations for a resolution
Partition Plan of 1947 divides Palestine into seven
regions: 3 Jewish, 3 Arab, Jerusalem
internationalized
May 1948 Jews declare independence of State of
Israel
Arab states invade, Israel successfully defends
itself
10
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The Six-Day War (June 1967)
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Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt, 1918-1970) takes
leadership position in Arab world
Attempts to block Suez traffic, conflict with Israel
Threatens invasion of Israel in 1967, Israel
launches hugely successful pre-emptive strike
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Conquers and annexes East Jerusalem, Golan Heights
Conquers Sinai Desert, returned to Egypt after peace
treaty signed
Conquers Gaza Strip and West Bank, status unresolved
11
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The Arab-Israeli conflict, 1949-1982
12
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Decolonization in Africa (date is year of
independence)
13
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Decolonization in Africa
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19th century “scramble for Africa”
Legacy of colonial competition
Internal divisions
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Tribal
Ethnic
Linguistic
religious
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France and North Africa
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Abandonment of most territories
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1956 Morocco and Tunisia gain independence, 13 other colonies
in 1960
But determination to retain Algeria
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Longer period of French colonization
2 million French citizens born or settled in Algeria by WW II
15
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Algerian War of Liberation
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1954 Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) begins guerilla
warfare against France
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Simmering conflict since French massacre in Sétif, 1945
500,000 French soldiers in war by 1958
War ends with Algerian independence in 1962
Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (1961),
manifesto against colonial rule
16
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Négritude: “Blackness”
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Influence of “black is beautiful” from USA
Revolt against white colonial values,
reaffirmation of African civilization
Connection with socialism, Communism
Geopolitical implications
17
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Post-Independence Difficulties
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Pax Romana of European colonists
Civil wars in Rwanda, Burundi, Angola
Economic hardship
Instability of democratic regimes
18
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Afrocentrism
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Kwame Nkrumah, leader of Ghana
Celebrated visit of Queen Elizabeth II in 1961,
affirmation of Ghanese independence and equality
19
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In 1949, the Convention People's Party (CPP), led by Nkrumah organized
workers and farmers for the first time in a mass movement for independent and
staged strikes. A new constitution was introduced by Nkrumah's government to
provide direct election by universal suffrage in 1954. But his government was
opposed by the National Liberation Movement (NLM), led by Kofi Busia and
based on the Asante region. NLM criticized CPP for its limitation on the powers
of chiefs. As a result of this, the NLM pushed for the establishment of a federal
state with regional governments, while CPP advocated a unitary state. Another
constitution was approved on April 29, 1954, establishing a cabinet comprised
of African ministers that were drawn from an all-African legislature chosen by
direct election. In the election, CPP won the majority of seat in the new
legislative assembly (Republic of Ghana, 4).
Prime Minister Nkrumah's Gold Coast government issued a white paper
containing proposals for Gold Coast independence in May 1956. The British
government agreed to a firm date for independence when a majority of British
Togoland residents voted for unification with an independent Gold Coast. On
March 6, 1957, the state of Ghana, named after the medieval West African
empire, became an independent country within the Commonwealth of Nations.
20
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Kwame Nkrumah leading Independence
Celebrations
21
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Kenya
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Kikuyu ethnic group begins attacks on British and
“collaborationist” Africans, 1947
1952 state of emergency declared
Overwhelming British military response, 12,000 Africans
killed vs. 100 Europeans
Bloody, but negotiated withdrawal, independence 1962
22
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Tarnishing of Independence
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Decline of democratic regimes, rise of
dictatorships
Partial reflection of artificial European boundaries
Political immaturity of colonies
23
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Communism and Democracy in China
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Massive, pervasive policies of economic and
cultural engineering
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Great Leap Forward (1958-1961)
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Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
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Great step backward
Targeted intellectuals, teachers, professionals, managers, and
anyone associated with western ideals
Both huge failures
24
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Mao died in 1976
Deng Xiaopeng (1904-1997) comes to power in
1981, moderates Maoism
Tiananmen Square pro-democracy rallies
nevertheless subdued, 1989
25
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Indian Democracy
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Indian democracy flourishes under Indira Ghandi
(1917-1984)
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Daughter of Nehru, no relationship to Mohandas
“Green Revolution” increases agricultural yields
Repressive policies to slow population growth,
including forced sterilization
Assassinated by Sikh bodyguards after attack on
Sikh extremists in Amritsar, 1984
26
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Muslim Revival and Arab Disunity
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Cold war splits Arab-Muslim world
Israel defeats Egypt and Syria in 1973 Yom
Kippur war
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Attacked on Jewish holy day
Anwar Sadat (Egypt, 1918-1981) negotiates peace
treaty with Israel
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Assassinated 1981 by Muslim extremists
27
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Movements toward Peace in the Middle
East
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Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin (1922-1995)
signs peace accord with Palestinian Liberation
Organization chairman Yasser Arafat (1929-2004)
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Yitzhak Rabin assassinated by Jewish extremist
Creation of Palestine Authority in West Bank and
Gaza
28
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Islamism
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Muslims increasingly regard America in negative
terms, move towards radicalism
Jihad: holy war
CIA support of Iranian Shah Mohammed Reza
Pahlavi (1919-1980), overthrown in Iranian
Revolution of 1979
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Led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
Held U.S. diplomats hostage for two years
Shut down US facilities, confiscated economic
ventures
29
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Blindfolded U.S. Diplomats
30
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The Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)
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Saddam Hussein (Iraq, 1937-2006 ) uses oil, US support
to build huge military machine
Attacks Iran, 1980
Massive destruction, ends in stalemate
Hussein attacks Kuwait, provokes Gulf War (1991)
US-led coalition drives him out, imposes sanctions
President George W. Bush (1946- ) attacks in search of
Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2003, occupies Iraq
31
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Developments in Latin America
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Mexico: failed attempts to redistribute land
Argentina: military dominate politics
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Juan Perón (1895-1974) elected president, 1946
Wife Eva (Evita) especially popular (1919-1952)
Guatemala and Nicaragua: US intervention as
local governments attempt to control US
economic interests
Under Reagan, US supports anti-communist
Contra forces
32
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Establishment of the Organization of
African Unity (OAU)
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Formed 1963
Declared boundaries permanent
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Despite arbitrary nature, necessary to forestall conflicts
Promotion of Pan-Africanism
Failure to prevent ethnic strife, even Nkrumah deposed
1966
33
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South Africa
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Apartheid (1948)
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87% of territory for whites
Division of Africans into tribes, settlement in “homelands”
African National Congress publishes Freedom Charter
(1955)
Repression of ANC causes worldwide ostracism of SA
34
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Nelson Mandela
35
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Dismantling of Apartheid
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Release of Nelson Mandela, 1990
Negotiation of end of white minority rule
1994 elections bring ANC to power
Relatively calm transition to democratic society
Strength of SA economy
36
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Rwanda: Perils of Ethnicity
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Characteristic of ethnic divisions in African
societies
Civil war in 1994 after moderate President killed
Hutu extremists vs. Tutsis, Hutu moderates
Nearly 1m killed
37
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