Bibliography
Primary Sources
Jenner, Edward. A Continuation of Facts and Observations Relative to the Various Vaccines, or
Cow-Pox. Vol. 3 of On Vaccination Against Smallpox. N.p., 1800.
This source explains the symptoms of the vaccine that Edward Jenner created through
letters sent to him from other English physicians. This source also explains how quickly
Edward's vaccine spread and the effect it had on people. I used the facts Edward Jenner
gave as to how far his smallpox vaccine spread as well as multiple examples of his
vaccine working and saving peoples' lives. This source is very reliable, It is written by
Edward Jenner himself soon after he created the vaccine. This source helped me better
understand the topic because I get a better sense of what was going on during that time
period since Edward Jenner wrote it. I categorized this as a primary source because this
book was written by Edward Jenner during the time period when he created the vaccine
and it was still developing.
———. An Inquiry Into the Causes and Effects of the Variole Vaccine, or Cow–Pox. Vol. 1 of
On Vaccination. N.p., 1798.
This source contains detailed information on the research that Edward Jenner conducted
to create his vaccine. I used the information Jenner gathered on the original symptoms of
his vaccine and what he did to change it and make it better. This source is very reliable as
it was written by Edward Jenner. This source helped me better understand the steps he
had to go through to create his vaccine. I categorized this source as primary because it
was written by Jenner during the time that he was still trying to spread the usage of the
vaccination.
Marshall, Joseph H. "Joseph Marshall: letters on smallpox vaccination (1799)." World History:
The Modern Era. Accessed October 3, 2014. http://worldhistory.abcclio.com/Search/Display/1474074?terms=Edward+Jenner.
This source contained information on different symptoms that patients received from
Jenner's smallpox vaccination. It also states changes in the number of people having the
vaccine and how people are reacting to this new form of medicine. From this source, I
used quotations on the effectiveness of the vaccine. This source is credible; it was found
in an online database located in a historical journal. This helped me understand the topic
more because it explains how the vaccination helped people during this time period from
someone who was actually there. I categorized this source as primary, because it is a
letter from 1799 written from another English physician to Edward Jenner about his
vaccine.
Regents of the University of Minnesota. "Record Flu Vaccine Production Expected." CIDRAP.
Last modified May 11, 2011. Accessed January 9, 2015.
http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2011/05/record-flu-vaccine-productionexpected-again-year.
This source contains information on the expected number of influenza vaccines produced
for 2011. I used the factual information to show the large number of vaccinations made
for one flu season. This is a credible source made by the Center for Infectious Disease
with reliable information. This source helped me better understand the large amounts of
vaccines produced in the United States. This is a primary source, it is sponsored by
University of Minnesota and the Center for Infectious Disease. It contains original,
factual information on the amounts of vaccines produced each year in the United States.
"Smallpox Cartoon." World History: The Modern Era. Accessed October 15, 2014.
http://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/411053?terms=edward+jenner.
This source shows that people were suspicious of Edward Jenner's new vaccination. The
people in this cartoon are turning into cows because Jenner's vaccine contains inoculated
cow pox. I used this cartoon in my project to show the public opposition that he received
for the vaccine. This caricature comes from a reliable source. I found this source on an
online database inside a world history journal. This helped me better understand that
people did not immediately trust Edward Jenner, people were cautious and scared of what
this vaccination may do. I categorized this source as primary because someone from
Jenner's time period drew this cartoon to express peoples' opinions of the vaccination.
Secondary Sources
Blogger. "Edward Jenner." Dinge and Goete. Last modified 2013. Accessed December 29, 2014.
http://dingeengoete.blogspot.com/2013/05/this-day-in-history-may-14-1796edward.html.
This source contains multiple pictures of Edward Jenner and statues and certificates
given to him during his lifetime. I used these pictures in my website for visual
description. This is credible source that publishes visual as well as written biographies
and informational texts on historical figures/events. This source helped me better
understand visually what was going on during Edward's invention of the vaccination.
This is a secondary source because it is someones compilation of pictures and
information of Edward Jenner's life.
The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. "History of Smallpox." The History of Vaccines.
Accessed December 23, 2014.
http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/smallpox.
This source contains many important dates throughout the history of the smallpox
disease. I used some of these important dates in my smallpox timeline. This is a credible
source because the publisher of this site is a reliable medical college. These dates helped
me better understand where and when vital smallpox breakthroughs occurred. This is a
secondary source because these dates have been compiled and used to create a timeline
from other sources.
———. "St. George's Hospital." The History of Vaccines. Accessed January 2, 2015.
http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/st-georges-hospital.
This source contains an image of the 1836 St. George's Hospital in London. I used the
image of this hospital to show where Edward Jenner studied anatomy and surgery. This is
a credible source because educated physicians have compiled information and images on
many health care leaders throughout history. This helped me get a better understanding of
where and in what environment he was learning. This is a secondary source because
people are putting together information they have learned from other sources onto this
website.
Corbis Corporation. "Physician Edward Jenner Inoculating Child at Home." Corbis Images.
Accessed January 2, 2015. http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rightsmanaged/PG4417/physician-edward-jenner-inoculating-child-at-home.
This source contains an image of Edward Jenner vaccinating a young boy. I used this
image under The Vaccine tab on my website. This is a credible source to find images
because it is like an image database that has many photos of events and people. This
helped me better understand that getting vaccinated has evolved a lot since the 1700s.
This is a secondary source that compiles many images onto one site.
"Discovery First Vaccines. Edward Jenner." Toy Stamps. Last modified 2011. Accessed January
2, 2015. http://www.strani.ru/toystamps/?p=167.
This source contains a stamp from Malawi that advertises Edward Jenner. I used this
stamp under my Legacy tab on my website to show how he is known in may different
countries. This is a credible source that contains stamps from many countries in many
different subjects. This stamp helped me better understand how many countries
benefitted from Jenner's vaccination. This is a secondary source because people have
taken pictures of these stamps and posted them on the website instead of them being the
original back in the 1700s.
Dr. Jenner's House. "His Legacy." Birthplace of Vaccination. Accessed January 6, 2015.
http://www.jennermuseum.com/his-legacy.html.
This source contains information on Edward Jenner's commitment and improvement of
the medical field. I used the information on how long it took him to reach his goal of
eradicating the smallpox disease. This is a credible source because the website is
dedicated to Edward Jenner and his achievements. This source helped me better
understand how Jenner's vaccination had such large impact on people and the prevention
of disease. This is a secondary source because the authors are not from Edward Jenner's
time period they are writing about something that happened in the past.
Education Portal. "Edward Jenner." Education Portal. Last modified 2015. Accessed January 8,
2015. http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/edward-jenner-smallpox-vaccinecontributions-quiz.html.
This source contains information on the smallpox disease and Edward Jenner including
an image of Jenner. I used this image at the top of the background/obstacles tab on my
website. This is a credible educational source that explains many different topics. This
source helped me better understand the history of the smallpox disease. This is a
secondary source because someone else is writing about the past events of smallpox and
Edward Jenner.
"Edward Jenner." Hutchinson's Biography Database, July 2011, 1. Accessed November 8, 2014.
http://web.a.ebscohost.com/hrc/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=932c4828-f66f-41f4-a7028d589a358df5%40sessionmgr4003&hid=4212&bdata=JnNpdGU9aHJjLWxpdmU%3d#
db=khh&AN=32223774.
This source contains information on the background of Edward Jenner such as where and
when he grew up. It also explains how he came up with the idea of the vaccination. I used
the detailed information on Edward Jenner's background. This is a credible source; I
found this article in the History Reference Center on EbscoHost database. This source
helped me better understand how Edward Jenner grew up and how his interests led to his
many achievements. This is a secondary source because someone more recently has
written about the life of Edward Jenner. The author is not from the 1700s and has not
experienced what Edward Jenner did.
"Edward Jenner Performing the First Vaccination." Vaccines Field. Last modified 2012.
Accessed January 2, 2015. http://vaccinesfield.cochrane.org.
This source contains an image of Edward Jenner vaccinating a young boy. I used this
image to show Jenner using his vaccines. This is a credible source that contains
information on many different aspects of the medical field. This source helped me better
understand how vaccines were admitted back in the 1700s. This is a secondary source
because the Edward Jenner picture has been taken from another source and posted on this
website.
"EDWARD JENNER – THE MAN WHO CHANGED LIFE ON EARTH." The Skibbereen
Eagle. Last modified 2014. Accessed January 2, 2015.
http://www.skibbereeneagle.ie/uncategorized/edward-jenner-the-man-who-changed-lifeon-earth/.
This source contains background information on Edward Jenner and includes multiple
images. I used an image of Edward Jenner vaccinating a young boy. This source contains
credible factual evidence and images however does contain bias. The image I used from
this source shows how vaccinating has changed throughout the years. This is a secondary
source because the writer of this article compiled many facts he found as well as his/her
opinion.
"Epidemics and Pandemics: Timeline." World Geography: Understanding a Changing World.
Accessed October 3, 2014. http://worldgeography.abcclio.com/Search/Display/1320087?terms=Edward+Jenner.
This source provided multiple important dates that occurred during the lifetime of the
smallpox disease. From this source, I used the main dates in order to give more of a sense
of when Edward Jenner's invention influenced the medical field. This is a credible source
because it was found in an online database in a historical / geographical journal. Knowing
these dates has helped me understand my project because I have a better sense of when
this invention took place, and the time lapse between the invention and when it
eventually helped rid the world of smallpox. I categorized this source as secondary
because someone recently put together important dates from past events that they were
not involved in.
"Gloucestershire." Family Search. Last modified 2014. Accessed January 2, 2015.
https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Gloucestershire.
This source contains information on the county Gloucestershire in England. I used the
image of the location of Gloucestershire to show where Edward Jenner is from. This is a
credible source that contains a lot of information on many different places around the
world. This source helped me better understand where Jenner's life was taking place. This
is a secondary source because people most likely who are not from Gloucestershire are
writing about it and its history.
How Stuff Works. "Edward Jenner." Stuff You Missed in History Class. Last modified 2013.
Accessed January 2, 2015. http://www.missedinhistory.com/blog/missed-in-historyedward-jenner/.
This source contains main background information on Edward Jenner as well as an image
of him vaccinating a young boy. I used this image in my website under the tab The
Vaccine. This is a credible source that has multiple summaries of different historical
events and people. This picture helped me better understand vaccinations back in the
1700s. This is a secondary source because a person took the picture from another source
to put on their website.
Omeka. "Smallpox Eradication." M Library. Last modified 2015. Accessed January 8, 2015.
http://www.lib.umich.edu/online-exhibits/exhibits/show/smallpox-eradicationindia/about-this-exhibit/bibliography.
This source contains an emblem of the World Health Organization Smallpox Program. I
used this image under the Legacy tab on my website. This is a credible source that has
factual information on the WHO and their Smallpox Eradication Program. This helped
me better understand what the WHO is. This is a secondary source of information from
multiple sources that has been compiled onto this website.
Pettinger, Tejvan. "Edward Jenner Biography." Biography Online. Last modified May 23, 2011.
Accessed December 23, 2014. http://www.biographyonline.net/scientists/edwardjenner.html.
This source contains information on Edward Jenner's background, including his
education and accomplishments. I used the date of Edward Jenner's death and
information of his education. This is a credible source because Oxford is the publisher.
This helped me better understand what Edward Jenner's life was like before he invented
the vaccine. This is a secondary source because someone else from is writing about
Jenner's life which occurred in the past.
Primary Facts. "Edward Jenner." Primary Facts. Last modified May 28, 2013. Accessed January
10, 2015. http://primaryfacts.com/1628/15-edward-jenner-facts/.
This source contains multiple fun and serious facts on Edward Jenner from throughout
his life. I used a few of these facts to go under the fun facts section on my website. This
is a credible source that lists facts for many different events and people. This source
helped me better understand some really interesting things that Edward Jenner did during
his life that I hadn't known before. This is a secondary source because the author took
these facts from other references he/she had found.
Pros and Cons. "Vaccines Pros and Cons." Pros and Cons. Accessed January 9, 2015.
http://vaccines.procon.org.
This source contains images of posters advertising vaccinations. I used these images
under the Legacy tab on my website. This is a credible source that describes the pros and
cons to many different products, in this situation vaccines, as well as background
information on the topic. This source helped me better understand how vaccines were
advertised and in what environment they were given. This is a secondary source that took
information from multiple other sources and compiled the facts onto one website.
RSA. "Edward Jenner." Open Plaques. Accessed January 2, 2015.
http://openplaques.org/plaques/3638.
This source has a picture of Edward Jenner's tombstone. I used this picture under the
Legacy tab in my website. This is a credible source that has pictures of many plaques,
signs, and gravestones from different locations and different time periods. This source
helped me better understand how Edward Jenner and his family want him to be
remembered. This is a secondary source because they posted a modern picture of his
tombstone on the website not one from the 1800s.
"Vaccination." Issues: Understanding Controversy and Society. Accessed October 1, 2014.
http://issues.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/953182?terms=Edward+Jenner.
This source was about the background of vaccinations; including when they were
invented and how often they are used today. From this source I used the definition of the
vaccine and how it has changed the medical field. This source is credible; it is all factual
with no bias. This helped me better understand the background of the vaccine and what
exactly Edward Jenner created. I categorized this source as a secondary source because
someone else is writing about when the vaccine was created and how it is used today.
This person was not actively involved in creating or using the vaccine they are just
writting about how other people were using the vaccine.
VacTruth. "History of Vaccine Schedule." VacTruth. Accessed January 9, 2015.
http://vactruth.com/history-of-vaccine-schedule/.
This source contains information on the increase of vaccinations given to children of the
ages six years old and younger. I used this information as well as a graph supplied to
show how vaccinations have evolved and helped prevent even more diseases. This is a
credible source that uses factual information and graphs to show the increase in vaccines.
This source helped me better understand the dramatic increase in vaccinations over the
years. This is a secondary source because the information has been taken from other
sources to put on this website, and it also contains a lot of bias.
"WHO." The World Health Organization. Last modified 2013. Accessed January 2, 2015.
http://www.acupunctuurpraktijk-gerrits.nl/the-world-health-organisation.
This source contains information on the World Health Organization (WHO) as well as a
WHO symbol. I used the symbol on the Legacy tab on my website. This is a credible
source that has factual information on the WHO. This source helped me better understand
the actions of the WHO and what they do to help prevent the spreading of diseases. This
is a secondary source because someone compiled information on the WHO along with
images to create this website.
"WHO Smallpox Eradication Campaign." World Geography: Understanding a Changing World.
Accessed November 9, 2014. http://worldgeography.abcclio.com/Search/Display/1320021?terms=edward+jenner.
This source contains information on how smallpox was completely eradicated. I used the
information on how Edward Jenner helped make the eradication of smallpox possible
with his vaccine. This is a reliable source because I found it in a historical journal on an
online database. This source helped me better understand the steps taken to eradicate
smallpox. It also helped me realize that the eradication was a very long process. I
categorized this article as a secondary source because someone recently wrote this about
something in the past. The author does not have first hand knowledge of what occurred
so the article is a secondary source.
A Wikimedia Project. "Edward Jenner vaccinating a boy." Wikimedia Commons. Last modified
2014. Accessed January 2, 2015.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Jenner_vaccinating_a_boy._Oil_painti
ng_by_E.-E._Hille_Wellcome_L0029094.jpg.
This source contains an image of Edward Jenner vaccinating a young boy. I used this
image of Jenner under The Vaccine tab on my website. This is a credible source that
contains not only correct images but also factual information on Edward Jenner. This
image helped me better understand the difference in vaccinating from the 1700s to
modern times. This is a secondary sources because this information and image has been
brought together by someone from multiple sources.
Xplore. "Edward Jenner." Brainy Quote. Last modified 2014. Accessed December 7, 2014.
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/e/edward_jenner.html.
This source has multiple well known quotations said by Edward Jenner. I used these
quotations on my website to show situations from his point of view. This is a credible
source because the quotations were actually said by Edward Jenner and other sources I
have found support these quotations. This helped me better understand some of the more
famous lines Edward has said. This is a secondary source because someone else is
compiling quotations of Edward Jenner.