Chapter 8
Water and Minerals
Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 12e
Sizer/Whitney
Learning Objectives
 Identify the best beverage choices to obtain
enough water for the body’s needs.
 Describe the body’s water sources and
routes of water loss, and name factors that
influence the need or water.
 Compare and contrast various sources of
drinking water for safety.
Learning Objectives
 Discuss why electrolyte balance is critical
for the health of the body.
 Describe the nutrients needed to maintain
blood calcium levels, and explain why this
is important.
 Describe a diet that follows the DASH
principles, and specify who might benefit
from such a diet and in what ways.
Learning Objectives
 Compare the availability of iron form plant
and animal sources.
 Discuss the function and importance of
copper, zinc, chromium, fluoride, and
selenium in the body.
 Describe a diet that a young woman can
follow to help prevent osteoporosis later in
life.
Introduction
 Minerals
 Major
 Trace
 Water
 Most indispensable nutrient
Minerals in a 60-Kilogram (132Pound) Person (Grams)
Water
 Makes up about 60 percent of a person’s
weight
 Roles
 Solvent
 Cleansing agent
 Lubrication and cushion
 Coolant
Body’s Water Balance
 Water balance
 Dehydration
 Thirst
 Signs
 Groups at risk
 Water intoxication
 Body water varies by pounds
 Thirst and satiety govern water intake
 Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, kidneys
Water Balance – A Typical
Example
Effects of Mild Dehydration, Severe
Dehydration, and Chronic Lack of
Fluid
How Much Water Do I Need to
Drink in a Day?
 Water needs vary
 Influential factors
 Fluids and foods
 DRI
 Metabolic water
 Sweating
 Choosing fluids
 Caffeine
U.S. Fluid Sources
Are Some Kinds of Water Better
for My Health Than Others?
 Types of water
 Hard
 Calcium and magnesium
 Soft
 Sodium
 Hypertension
Safety and Sources of Drinking
Water
 Public water
 Removal of many hazards
 Disinfectants
 Testing and reporting
 Chlorination and cancer
 Water sources
 Surface water
 Groundwater
Bottled Water
 Regulation and safety
 Sales across state lines
 Standards
 Less rigid than those for tap water
 BPA
 IBWA trademark
 Water for nutrition’s sake
 Fluoride
Body Fluids and Minerals
 Water follows salt
 Electrolytes
 Water flows toward greater concentration
 Fluid and electrolyte balance
 Causes of imbalance
 Acid-base balance
 Hydrogen
 Buffers
How Electrolytes Govern Water
Flow
Calcium
 Most abundant mineral in the body
 Meeting DRI recommendations
 Storage facilities
 Bones
 In constant flux
 Teeth
A Bone
Calcium
 Bone and tooth
formation
 Hydroxyapatite
 Fluorapatite
 Bone and tooth
turnover
Calcium
 In body fluids
 1 percent of body’s calcium
 Roles
 Blood calcium is tightly controlled
 Calcium balance
 Skeleton serves as a calcium bank
 Bone density
 Organs
Calcium
 Bone loss
 Inevitable consequence of aging
 Peak bone mass
 Osteoporosis
 Supplements
 Calcium absorption
 Increases in times of need
 Recommendations
Bone Throughout Life
Calcium Snapshot
Phosphorus
 Second most abundant mineral in body
 Majority found in bones with calcium
 Roles in the body
 Recommendations
 Deficiencies are unlikely
 Food sources
Phosphorus Snapshot
Magnesium
 “Major mineral”
 Dietary requirement
 Bones and kidneys
 Roles in the body
 Works with calcium
 Deficiency
 Toxicity
 Recommendations
Magnesium Snapshot
Sodium
 Roles
 Major part of fluid and
electrolyte balance
 Acid-base balance
 Deficiency
 “Water Weight”
 Recommendations
 Intakes
Sodium and Salt Intake
Guidelines
Sodium
 Blood pressure
 Hypertension
 Measures
 Types
 Sodium intakes increases blood pressure
 Heart damage
 DASH diet
 Controlling salt intakes
How to Cut Sodium from a
Barbeque Lunch
Potassium
 Positively charge ion inside the cells
 Roles
 Fluid and electrolyte balance
 Heartbeat
 Deficiency
 Dehydration
 Toxicity
 Recommendations
Potassium Snapshot
Chloride and Sulfate
 Chloride
 Crucial for fluid balance
 Hydrochloric acid
 Principle food source
 Sulfate
 Roles
 No recommended intake
 Deficiencies are unknown
Trace Minerals
Iodine
 Body’s work is done by iodide
 Roles
 Thyroxine
 Deficiency
 Goiter
 Cretinism
 Toxicity
 Food sources
Iron
 Every living cell contains iron
 Two proteins
 Hemoglobin
 Myoglobin
 Roles
 Carry oxygen
 Make new cells, amino acids, hormones, &
neurotransmitters
Iron
 Iron stores
 A mineral to be hoarded
 Iron losses
 Special proteins transport and store iron
 Absorbing iron
 Forms of iron in food
 MFP factor
 Impairing iron absorption
Iron
 Deficiency
 Iron deficiency
 Iron-deficiency
anemia
 Signs of deficiency
 Mental symptoms
 Adults
 Children
 Pica
Normal and Anemic Blood Cells
Iron
 Causes of deficiency
 Groups most susceptible to deficiency
 Women of childbearing age
 Infants and toddlers
 Adolescents
 Too much iron
 Iron overload
 Symptoms
Iron Snapshot
Zinc
 Works with proteins
in every organ
 Roles
 Expression of
deficiency
 Groups at greatest
risk for deficiency
 Vegetarians
Zinc Snapshot
Selenium
 Roles in the body
 Relationship with chronic disease
 Cancer
 Toxicity
 Supplements
 Sources
Fluoride
 Not essential to life
 Roles in the body
 Roles in the body
 Deficiency
 Dental decay
 Toxicity
 Fluorosis
 Sources
U.S. Population with Access to
Fluoridated Water Through Public
Water Systems
Chromium and Copper
 Chromium
 Roles in the body
 Recommendation
 Sources
 Copper
 Roles in the body
 Deficiency
 Toxicity
Other Trace Minerals and Some
Candidates
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




Molybdenum
Manganese
Boron
Cobalt
Nickel
Silicon
 All trace minerals
are toxic in excess!
Meeting the Need for Calcium
 Low calcium intake
 Associated
diseases
 Milk, yogurt, &
cheese group
 Traditional
sources of
calcium
Food Sources of Calcium in the
U.S. Diet
Meeting the Need for Calcium
 Vegetables
 Absorption
 Calcium binders




Other foods
Calcium-fortified foods
Supplements
Making meals rich in calcium
Calcium Absorption from Food
Sources
Osteoporosis: Can Lifestyle
Choices Reduce the Risks?
Controversy 8
Introduction
 Osteoporosis
prevalence
 Fractures
 Sex differences
 Causes
 Tangled complexity
Development of Osteoporosis
 Bone
 Trabecular
 Tapped when blood calcium is low
 Cortical
 Decline in bone density
 Dowager’s hump
 Fractures
 Common sites
Losses of Trabecular Bone
Loss of Height in a Woman
Caused by Osteoporosis
Toward Prevention – Understanding
the Cause of Osteoporosis
 Causes
 Gender and advanced age
 Genetics and environmental factors
 Bone density and genes
 Influence of genes
 Genetic inheritance
 Risks vary by race and ethnicity
Toward Prevention – Understanding
the Cause of Osteoporosis
 Calcium and vitamin D
 Bone strength in later life
 Bone building during childhood and
adolescence
 Gender and hormones
 Menopause for women
 Estrogen and testosterone
 Body weight
Toward Prevention – Understanding
the Cause of Osteoporosis
 Physical activity
 Tobacco smoke and alcohol
 Protein
 Too little protein
 Too much protein
 Sources
 Sodium, caffeine, soft drinks
 Other nutrients
Risk and Protective Factors That
Correlate with Osteoporosis
Diagnosis and Medical Treatment
 DEXA scan
 Drug therapies
 Estrogen
replacement
therapy
Calcium Recommendations
 Recommendations vary
 Set according to life stage
 Sources
 Foods and beverages first
 Dietary calcium
 Sunshine for vitamin D
 Supplements
 Types of supplements