English 1102
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
When we cite a source, we are quoting it word
for word or paraphrasing an idea from the
source in our own words.
Cite (verb) 1. to quote, especially as an
authority; 2. to mention in support, proof or
confirmation; refer to as an example
“No one has the right to claim credit for the ideas
and words of others regardless of whether we
read them or heard them in an interview.
And…documentation lends authority to your
research paper. If people know that you feel safe
in revealing your sources, thus giving readers the
opportunity to check their validity, they’re far
more likely to give your words credit” (On Writing
379).
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
When you QUOTE from a source
When you BORROW IDEAS from a source, even
when you express them in your own words by
paraphrasing or summarizing
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
Reasons to Quote
◦ To support a point you’re
making
◦ When a source uses really
exceptional
language/words you
don’t want to change
◦ So you can refer to the
quotation
“I hate quotations.
Tell me what you
know.”
– Ralph Waldo Emerson
(1849)
Reasons to paraphrase:
◦ To show your own
understanding of a
source
◦ You want to emphasize
just part of an idea, not
the entire quote
◦ The quote would be too
long and/or confusing
◦ To establish your own
voice and credibility
“By necessity, by
proclivity, and by
delight, we all quote.”
– Ralph Waldo Emerson (1876)
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MLA
◦ Modern Language Association
◦ Used in the arts and humanities
 English, Languages, Literature, Performing Arts, Cultural Studies

APA
◦ American Psychological Association
◦ Used in behavioral and social sciences
 Psychology, Sociology, and Political Science
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Chicago
 Used in history, art, philosophy, business, and communications
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CSE
◦ Council of Science Editors
 Used in sciences
This is an association
that writes the rules
for how we should
format and cite our
English papers. The
rules change a little
bit every year.
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
In-text citations appear IN the TEXT of your
writing. They appear in parenthesis after the
information you’ve quoted or paraphrased.
In parenthesis, put the author’s last name
and the page number.
◦ If there is not a page number, you can leave it out.
◦ If there are paragraphs you can count, you can put
the paragraph number in place of the page number.
◦ If there is not a known author, put the first few
words of the citation as it appears on your Works
Cited page.

The author writes, “The time has come for a
Parenthesis with
change” (Burke 50).
period on the outside
Author’s last name
Page number where
the information can
be found
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In-text quote
◦ The author writes, “In this way, gender is in no way
a stable identity” (Butler 519).
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In-text paraphrase
◦ Butler explains that gender is not a fixed concept
(519).
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In-text quote with paragraph #
◦ According to the author, “In this way, gender is in
no way a stable identity” (Butler par.3).
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When you use a VERB, always use a COMMA:
◦ The author writes, “Gender is not stable” (Butler 30).
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When you join your words with the quote to
FORM ONE SENTENCE, no comma is needed:
◦ The author reminds us that “gender is not stable”
(Butler 30).
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When you introduce a quote with a COMPLETE
SENTENCE of your own, use a colon:
◦ Butler is clear in her position: “Gender is not stable”
(30).
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Last page of your paper

Separate page

Is not included in your page count

Lists the sources you used throughout your
paper
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What do we notice about the Works Cited
page?
◦ Title is centered and in same font as the rest of the
paper (not bold or bigger).
◦ Entries are in alphabetical order.
◦ First line of each entry is left aligned. If the entry
extends on to the 2nd or 3rd line, these lines are
indented 5 spaces (or 1 tab).
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Medium – the way you accessed the source.
◦ Print (books, journals, magazines)
◦ Web (online sources)
There are a lot of rules to follow, and it can be
intimidating…
But think of it like a recipe. You have all of the
directions and you just need to follow them and
put the information in the right places. It’s not a
guessing game, but it does take a bit of
practice.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgThBXwk3vs
Let’s review:
 MLA
stands for…
◦ Middle Language Association
◦ Modern Language Association
◦ Modern Linguistic Association
◦ Modern Language Application
Answer: #2

What are the 2 main reasons for citing
a source?
 1. When you borrow exact language from a
source
 2. When you borrow ideas from a source

What are the 4 citation styles and which
one do we use in this class?

MLA, APA, CSE, and Chicago

We use MLA Style.
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Which of the following characteristics
applies to a Works Cited page?
◦ A: Alphabetized
◦ B: Single-spaced
◦ C: Double-spaced
◦ D: Entries right aligned
◦ E: Title centered
◦ F. Title bolded
Answers: A, C, E
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If you have more than one source by the
same author in a Works Cited list, what do
you do?
◦ Act as if nothing is different and continue
your citation.
◦ Write “see above” in place of the author’s
name in the second citation.
◦ Use three hyphens in place of the author’s
name in the second citation.
Answer: #3 (page 230 in The
Curious Researcher)

Which is the correct way to cite a book by one
author in a Works Cited page?
◦ Gleick, James, Chaos: Making a New Science.
New York: Penguin Books, 1987. Print.
◦ James Gleick. Chaos: Making a New Science.
New York: Penguin Books, 1987. Print.
◦ Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science.
New York: Penguin Books, 1987. Print.
◦ Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science
New York Penguin Books 1987. Print.
Answer: #3 (see page 350 MHH)
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Which is the correct way to cite an article in a
monthly magazine in a Works Cited page?
◦ Buchman, Dana. A Special Education.
“Good Housekeeping.” Mar. 2006:
143-148. Print.
◦ Buchman, Dana. “A Special Education.”
Good Housekeeping June 2006:
148-148. Print.
◦ Buchman, Dana. “A Special Education.”
Good Housekeeping Mar. 2006:
143-148. Print.
Answer: #2 (see page 359 MHH)

Which is the correct way to cite a journal
article with volume numbers in a Works
Cited page?
Author(s). “Title of Article.” Title of Journal
Volume.Issue (Year): Pages. Medium.
Author(s). Title of Article. “Title of Journal” Volume.
Issue (Year): Pages. Medium.
Author(s). “Title of Article.” Volume.Issue (Year):
Pages. Medium.
Author(s). “Title of Article.” Title of Journal
Volume.Issue.Year. Pages. Medium.
Answer: #1 (see page 358-359 MHH)
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Which is the correct way to cite a quote in text?
◦
◦
◦
◦
The
The
The
The
author
author
author
author
writes,
writes,
writes,
writes,
“Gender
“Gender
“Gender
“Gender
is
is
is
is
not
not
not
not
stable.” (Butler 30)
stable.” (Butler 30).
stable” (Butler 30.)
stable” (Butler 30).
Answer: #4
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Which is the correct way to cite a paraphrase
in text?
◦ The author explains that gender is not fixed; it is
always changing (Butler 30.)
◦ The author explains that gender is not fixed; it is
always changing (Butler 30).
◦ The author explains that gender is not fixed; it is
always changing. (Butler 30)
◦ The author explains that gender is not fixed; it is
always changing. (Butler 30).
Answer: #2
Jacobs, Eleanor. Personal interview. May 5
2011.
 Eleanor Jacobs. Personal interview. 5 May
2011.
 Jacobs, Eleanor. 5 May 2011. Personal
interview.
 Jacobs, Eleanor. Personal interview. 5 May
2011.
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Answer: #4 (see page 375 MHH)
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Which is the correct way to cite part of a
Web site in a Works Cited page?
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Howard, Hilary. “The Rise of Arts Culture.”
CNN.com. 11 Feb. 2007. Web. 14
Mar. 2008.
Howard, Hilary. “The Rise of Arts Culture.”
CNN.com. Cable News Network, 11
Feb. 2007. Web. 14 Mar. 2008.
Howard, Hilary. The Rise of Arts Culture.
CNN.com. Cable News Network, 11
Feb. 2007. Web. 14 Mar. 2008.
Answer: #2 (see page 364 MHH)
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Here are a few examples (notice the present
tense):
◦ Says (The author says, “The class is fun” (Smith 5).
◦ Writes (Smith writes, “The class is fun” (5).
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How many can you think of?