21st Century College English: Book 2
Unit 9 : Text A
Get Ready for Some Wild Weather
Unit Nine: Text A
• Lead-in Activities
• Text Organization
• Reading and Writing Skills
• Language Points
• Guided Practice
• Assignment
Lead-in Activities
Warm-up Questions
1. How much do you know about wild weather?
Have you ever experienced wretched weather?
2. How do natural disasters relate to weather?
3. Can we human being reduce the damage caused
by weather?
Text Organization
para. 1-3
Mentioning El Nino and scientists'
attention to this phenomenon.
para. 4-6
Explanation of the phrase El Nino and
give a detailed account of its forms and
causes.
para. 7-8
Arguments about its influence on human
being and consequences.
para. 9-10
Talking about
prevention.
weather
forecast
and
Reading & Writing Skills
Reading Skill: Scanning for specific information in
reading materials.
When you know what kind of information you’re
looking for in a reading text—for example when
you’re researching a paper ( or answering
comprehension questions!)—scanning the text first
can help you in three ways:
a) by letting you know whether the text contains
any of the sort of information you’re seeking.
b) by giving you an impression of the author’s aims,
and
c) by giving you an idea of where in the text you’ll
find the information that’s relevant to you.
All three of these advantages of scanning can make
you a more effective and faster reader.
Reading & Writing Skills
Writing Skill: Develop passages beginning with
general observations and supported with a series
of specific inter-related details, making a reference
to the following sample paragraph:
From a geological point of view, the modern era is
just a brief mild phase in the middle of one of the
most devastating periods in the history of the
Earth. In the last few million years the Earth has
experienced several Ice Ages, and there’s no
reason to expect that they’re over. Between Ice
Ages , there have been periods of global warming,
turning the world into one big tropical rain forest.
At the same time, the oceans and lakes have
periodically changed size, flooding vast regions
and then drying up again.
Intensive Study
• Intensive Study
• Difficult sentences
• Key words, phrases & usages
• Comprehension exercises
Intensive Study
Get Ready for Some Wild Weather
Per Ola & Emily D'aulaire
1 In March of 1997, Stephen Zebiak stared at his computer screen
in alarm. The veteran climate researcher saw indications of a
worldwide weather event that, over the years, has been blamed for
droughts and floods, famine, fires and thousands of deaths. Called
El Niño, it is the most disruptive climatic phenomenon on the planet.
Intensive Study
2 Zebiak and Mark Cane, research scientists at Columbia
University, had developed a computerized forecast model that
correctly predicted El Niño's occurrences in 1982, ’86 and ’91, and it
had pointed to a recurrence in ’98. But the data appearing on
Zebiak’s screen from satellite and sea-surface monitors across the
Pacific were unmistakable: El Niño was already beginning. A huge
pool of warm water — larger than the United States and some 600
feet deep — was moving slowly but surely eastward toward South
America.
Intensive Study
3 In June the equatorial trade winds reversed direction from
westward to eastward. By September, waters off Northern California
were roughly 17 degrees warmer than normal. Off the Washington
coast, stunned fishermen caught tropical fish that seldom stray that
far north. Storms were flooding central Chile, and heavier-thannormal snowfalls in the Andes trapped hundreds in the bitter cold.
And all of this only foretold of even more devastating weather for the
fall and winter.
Intensive Study
4 El Niño means “little boy” in Spanish; when capitalized, it refers
to the Christ child. This innocent-sounding name originated in the
19th century, when Peruvian sailors noticed that every few years
around Christmastime, waters near the coasts warmed up and the
current shifted southward. But this “little boy” plays havoc around
the globe.
Intensive Study
5 El Niño occurs when weather patterns in the tropical Pacific shift
violently. Normally, strong westward-blowing trade winds off South
America push surface water toward Asia. Just as blowing on hot
coffee pushes the liquid up against the opposite side of the cup, the
trade winds pile warm water against the coastlines of Australia,
Indonesia and the Philippines. Above the warm water, moist air rises,
lowering atmospheric pressure and triggering the tropical showers
that nourish the rain forests of Asia. Meanwhile high-altitude winds
travel back toward South America. There, the cooled air sinks,
raising atmospheric pressure and suppressing rain along most of the
Pacific coast, making it one of the driest regions in the world.
Intensive Study
6 But with El Niño, the pattern reverses. Atmospheric pressure in
the Western Pacific rises, setting the stage for drought from Australia
to India. The trade winds decrease, or in extreme years reverse to
blow eastward. As a result, a huge mass of warm water flows back
toward South America, causing storms from Chile to California.
Meanwhile, over the Pacific, ten-mile-high storm clouds further heat
the atmosphere, fueling a stronger-than-normal jet stream, which
often splits in two. One branch moves north, warming the Pacific
Northwest, central Canada and Alaska. Another branch surges south,
producing heavy rains in the U.S. Gulf States and Southwest.
Intensive Study
7 El Niño's vast impact on humans has often been catastrophic.
The El Niño of 1982-83 inflicted $13 billion in damage and claimed
some 2,000 lives. In Australia day turned to night when a dust storm
blanketed Melbourne; brush fires raged in its wake. In place of its
normal monsoon, Southern India got dried-up crops and the threat of
mass starvation. At the same time, violent rainstorms devastated the
Western Hemisphere: Peru’s fishing industry — once one of the
richest in the world — was wiped out, and seaside towns were
washed into the Pacific.
Intensive Study
8 Is there a good side to El Niño? There can be. Zebiak notes that
the number of tropical hurricanes in the Atlantic is reduced during an
El Niño year. One theory is that winds created by El Niño shear off
the tops of Atlantic hurricanes, aborting them before they reach full
force. And a team of scientists in Israel who study tree rings and
satellite cloud pictures concluded that El Niño may bring precious
moisture to the thirsty Middle East. “It is perhaps fitting that El
Niño — the Christ child — should have a link to the Holy Land,”
notes scientist Dan Yakir.
Intensive Study
9 This year, scientists around the world are keeping a sharp eye on
El Niño. They know that the greater the temperature rise in Pacific
waters off South America, the more powerful the El Niño. And this
year’s waters have heated up unusually fast. Climate-change
researcher Michael Ghil of UCLA expects the impact to be
“substantial.” Ants Leetmaa, director of the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration's Climate Prediction Center in Maryland,
agrees: This El Niño is shaping up as one of the most powerful ever.
Intensive Study
10
According to forecasters, hardest hit in this country will
likely be California, where heavy rains can send houses sliding down
muddy slopes onto washed-out coastal highways. The nation’s
southern states — from California to Florida — can expect cooler and
wetter weather than normal this winter and spring, with extensive
storms in some areas. The Northwest should be warmer and drier
than normal.
Intensive Study
11
Wetter-than-normal conditions are expected in much of
South America. The Asian monsoon rains could fail, resulting in food
shortages in India. In Australia, where El Niño typically means
drought, strict water conservation is already under way.
12
El Niño’s effects won’t just be climatic, of course — the
global economy is sure to suffer as well. Drought in Brazil and
flooding in Colombia may result in higher prices for coffee and other
crops. And fishing industries from Ecuador to California are already
being hurt.
Intensive Study
13
Clearly, the more accurately scientists can forecast El Niño,
the more people everywhere can prepare. Insurance companies,
farmers, power and irrigation companies, public-safety agencies and
even tourist boards could benefit from knowing in advance when El
Niño will strike.
14
“Reliable forecasting is still in its infancy,” states Mark Cane.
Someday, perhaps, scientists will be able to predict exactly how El
Niño will behave. But for now, batten down the hatches and get ready
for some wild weather!
(985 words)
point to/ towards
— indicate that (sth.) exists or is likely to exist in the
future; give signs of
e.g.
• His questions point to a desire to know some important
truth.
• All indications point to an early spring.
Translate
The evidence all pointed to Simpson as the murderer.
Key
所有的证据都显示辛普森是凶手。
Text-related information
Trade Winds
Trade winds are very strong winds that
blow westward and Equatorward from
the subtropical high-pressure belts at
about 30 degrees north or south regular,
especially over the oceans, that they were
named trade winds by the crews of early
sailing ships that depended on winds during westward
ocean crossings. In the language of that day, trade
winds meant course winds or track winds.
waters off Northern California
waters n. (pl.)
— an area of sea, esp. one that is near a country and is
regarded as belonging to that country
e.g.
• the coastal waters of Alaska
• the territorial waters of neutral
More to learn
waters off Northern California
off
prep.
— in or on the sea and quite close to the coast of
e.g.
• Taiwan and Hainan are the two islands off the
mainland of China.
• The new oil field is located two miles off shore.
that far north
— as far north as that; so far north
that ad.
— to that degree; so
e.g
• The book was about that thick.
• I was that annoyed; I could have screamed.
when capitalized, it refers to the Christ child
The conj. + V-ed structure (here “when capitalized”) is
grammatically known as abbreviated clause, the omitted
parts being normally a form of the verb be and a
pronoun subject having the same reference as the noun
or pronoun subject in the main clause of the sentence.
Abbreviated –ed clauses may follow after, before, since,
when, while, until, though, as if, if, unless, etc.
e.g.
• Unless/Even if (I am) invited, I won’t go.
• Once (it was) published, the book became a bestseller.
More to do
Exercises • Structure
X. Complete each of the following sentence, using a conj. + V-ed
clause.
《读写教程
II》:
Ex. X, p._____(
259 受到责骂时).
1. Michael used
to look hurt
and surprised
 When scolded
2. _____ (如果细心地做), the experiment will be successful.
 If carefully done
Exercises • Structure
X. Complete each of the following sentence, using a conj. + V-ed
clause.
3. Leave the chicken in the oven _____ (直到烧透).
 until thoroughly cooked
4.
_____ (如种在肥沃的土壤里), the tree will grow very quickly.
 If planted in rich soil
Exercises • Structure
X. Complete each of the following sentence, using a conj. + V-ed
clause.
5.
_____ (虽然损失由保险负担), Tom was annoyed about the
accident.
 Although covered by insurance
6. I won’t go _____ (除非受到邀请).
 unless invited
triggering the tropical showers that nourish the
rain forests of Asia
trigger (off)
vt.
— make (sth.) happen every quickly (esp. a series of
violent events); set (an action or process) in motion
e.g.
Translate
• The
riots
were
triggered
(off) by aincident
series ofcan
police
arrests.
Even
the
smallest
diplomatic
trigger
a
• The
smoke
triggered off
the alarm.
major
international
conflict.
Key
即便最小的外交事件也可能触发严重的国际冲突。
More to learn
triggering the tropical showers that nourish the
rain forests of Asia
Drillcausing
—
in V-ingthe
phrases:
fall of tropical heavy rains that provide
sufficient the
water
for the
growth with
of the
Asian
rain
Complete
following
sentences
V-ing
phrases
forests
from
the words in parentheses.
1. At night long he lay awake _____. (worry/ his
financial problems
worrying about his financial problems
2. One politician went even further, _____. (imply/
the Princess lacked the intelligence/ understand/
complex issue)
implying the Princess lacked the intelligence to
understand such a complex issue.
set the stage for (sth.)
— prepare the conditions for (sth.); make (sth.) possible
e.g.
• We have set the stage for a completely new society.
• The president’s recent death set the stage for a military
coup.
Fill in the blank:
The talks between the two leaders _____ (为达成和平
协议作好了准备).
have set the stage for a peace
agreement to be reached
fuel
vt.
— make (sth. already difficult or unpleasant) worse;
make (sb.’s) feeling stronger
e.g.
• Big wage increases have fueled inflation.
• Rumors of street fighting were fueled by the press.
Translate
The attempts to stop the strike only fueled the
workers’ resentment.
Key
试图终止罢工的举措不过是给工人们的愤恨火上浇油。
Text-related information
Jet Stream
A jet stream is a current of air
traveling at very high speed
(usu. about 100 to 120 miles
per hour, but sometimes
almost 350) from west at
altitudes of six to eight miles.
The jet stream is often used
by airplane pilots to gain
extra speed when traveling in
an eastward direction. Jet
streams are important in
weather
prediction
and
aircraft navigation.
Text-related information
Gulf of Mexico
the Gulf States
The Gulf States are the U.S. states that border the Gulf
of Mexico. They are Florida, Alabama, Mississippi,
Louisiana, and Texas.
The El Niño of 1982-83 inflicted $13 billion in
damage and claimed some 2,000 lives.
inflict sth. (on sb.)
— cause sth. to be suffered by (sb.)
e.g.
• The judge inflicted the severest possible penalty.
• The bombing inflicted great suffering on the local
residents.
More to learn
The El Niño of 1982-83 inflicted $13 billion in
damage and claimed some 2,000 lives.
claim
vt.
— (of a disaster, an accident, etc.) cause the loss or
death of (sb.)
e.g.
• The earthquake claimed thousands of lives.
• The war claimed the lives of thousands of civilians.
in sth.’s wake/ in the wake of sth.
— coming behind or after sth.; right after usu. as a result
of sth.
e.g.
• The car left clouds of dust in its wake.
• Enrichment of human knowledge comes in the wake of
discoveries and inventions.
Fill in the blank:
Famine came _____ (紧随着水灾).
in the wake of disastrous flood
Text-related information
Monsoon
Monsoon is a periodic wind
especially in the Indian Ocean
and South Asia usually
characterized by heavy rainfall.
It is associated with the heating
of the Asian landmass in
summer (the condensation of water vapor in the rising
air) and its intense cooling in winter. The most
prominent examples of such seasonal winds occur in
South Asia and in Africa. They are also apparent along
the Gulf Coast of the United States and in central
Europe, as well as in various other areas.
More to learn
In place of its normal monsoon, Southern India got
dried-up crops and the threat of mass starvation.
in place of
— instead of
e.g.
• In place of our advertised program, we will be showing
a film.
• This task is carried out by robots in place of human
workers.
More to learn
In place of its normal monsoon, Southern India got
dried-up crops and the threat of mass starvation.
— Instead of having the normal wet season, Southern
India had bad crops because of the drought, and a
large number of people were likely to be starved.
devastate
vt.
— destroy terribly; cause great damage to
e.g.
• The bomb devastated the city center.
• The fire swept through the theatre, devastating the entire
building.
• Many scientists think that within a century the increase
of CO2 in the atmosphere would devastate the world.
wipe out
— remove;destroy completely
e.g.
• Doctors are searching for a cure that will wipe out
cancer.
• As time went on, those unpleasant events were gradually
wiped out of his memory.
… shear off the tops of Atlantic hurricanes,
aborting them before they reach full force
When used before a number, “force” is a measure of the
speed and strength of the wind.
e.g.
• a force 9 gale
• The ship had an engine failure in a Force Ten.
More to learn
… shear off the tops of Atlantic hurricanes,
aborting them before they reach full force
— … take away the sweeping force of the Atlantic
hurricanes, and stop them from becoming very
violent
It is perhaps fitting that El Niño — the Christ
child — should have a link to the Holy Land
— (Devastating to most posts of the world, El Niño is
good for the Middle East by bringing precious
moisture to the parched land; so) we may properly
assume that there should be some connection
between the two — El Niño, which means “the Christ
child” and the Middle East, where the Holy Land
Palestine is located.
shape up
— develop or progress in a certain way
e.g.
• Our plans are shaping up well.
• The campaign is shaping up as one of the most intensive
sales campaigns ever.
Drill
Make a sentence with “shape up”.
hard hit (or hard-hit)
— severely stricken by misfortune, grief, or disaster
e.g.
• Scotland was hardest hit during the recession.
• The family was hard hit by the financial crisis in
southeast Asia.
fail
vi.
— run out or be lacking while still needed or expected
e.g.
• The crops failed because of drought.
• At the last moment his courage failed. He walked away
from her door without knocking.
Translate
她没有对家庭尽到责任。
Key
She failed in her obligations to the family.
under way
— happening; in progress
e.g.
• Preparations for the art festival are now well under way.
• Efforts to conserve the rain forest are under way.
Drill
Make a sentence with “under way”.
in advance
— beforehand; ahead
e.g.
• Write to me in advance if you decide to come.
• The landlord demanded that she should pay the rent six
months in advance.
Fill in the blank:
You have to reserve your seat _____ (至少提前三个
礼拜).
at least 3 weeks in advance
be in one’s infancy
— start to develop
e.g.
• The science of cybernetics is still in its infancy.
• Space travel is in its infancy now.
Translate
The educational reform is in its infancy: there is
much room for improvement.
Key
教育改革仍处于初级阶段：有许多尚待改进的地方。
someday ad.
— (also spelled some day) at a date in the future,
unknown or not yet fixed
Cf.
e.g.
the
otherday
daymy dream will come true.
• Some
—
a date
insomeday
the recent
past;
a few
days money
ago to buy a
• Iathope
that
we’ll
have
enough
e.g.house.
• I saw David the other day.
• Have you forgotten what happened the other day?
batten down the hatches
— prepare for a period of difficulty or trouble
e.g.
• The tornado is coming, we’d better batten down the
hatches so as to minimize the losses.
• My sister’s children were coming to stay so we had to
batten down the hatches.
Drill
Make a sentence with “batten down the hatches”.
Guided Practice
•
•
•
•
Vocabulary
Cloze
Translation
Structure Writing
Vocabulary
Vocabulary
 Ex. III
Vocabulary
III. Fill in the blanks with some of the words given below. Change
the form where necessary.
indication
originate
extensive
conservation
nourish
insurance
occurrence
precious
stray
《读写教程 II》: Ex. III, p. 254
innocent
link
violent
1. Storms cause ______ damage to seaside towns every
year.
 extensive
2. This kind of football _____ at the Rugby School in
England, which is why it’s called rugby football.
 originated
Vocabulary
III. Fill in the blanks with some of the words given below. Change
the form where necessary.
indication
originate
extensive
conservation
nourish
insurance
occurrence
precious
stray
innocent
link
violent
3. I know auto_____ is expensive, but if you have an
accident, you’ll be glad you invested in it.
 insurance
4. In overcrowded cities like Hong Kong and Shanghai,
every small piece of land is _____.
 precious
Vocabulary
III. Fill in the blanks with some of the words given below. Change
the form where necessary.
indication
originate
extensive
conservation
nourish
insurance
occurrence
precious
stray
innocent
link
violent
5. To ease the energy shortage, we should concentrate both
on the _____ of natural resources and on research into
new sources of energy.
 conservation
6. Scientists exploring the _____ between animal behavior
and natural disasters have actually predicted the _____
of earthquakes by observing horses.
 link
 occurrence
Vocabulary
III. Fill in the blanks with some of the words given below. Change
the form where necessary.
indication
originate
extensive
conservation
nourish
insurance
occurrence
precious
stray
innocent
link
violent
7. He was called “ Baby Face” because he looked so ____
that people never suspected he was a ____ criminal.
 innocent
 violent
8. It was reported that the accident was caused by a cow
that had ______ into the road.
 strayed
Vocabulary
III. Fill in the blanks with some of the words given below. Change
the form where necessary.
indication
originate
extensive
conservation
nourish
insurance
occurrence
precious
stray
innocent
link
violent
9. Their study found many _____ that the economy is
slowly recovering.
 indications
10. Most plants are _____ by water drawn up through their
root.
 nourished
Cloze
XIII. Fill each black in the passage below with the correct form
of a word or phrase from the following list.
《读写教程
Ex. XIII,
p. 260holy
as well
extensive
fitting
devastatingII》:
In addition into
link
occur
hurricane
out of
probable spectator
occurrence of course
suppress
represent
under way victim
violent
Exercises • Cloze
extensive
I wonder why people
are so fascinated by natural
disasters.
hurricanes
Why do _____, earthquakes and floods always get such _____
of course
attention from the
press
and other media? While
a disaster is
under
way
devastating
actually _____, frequent and detailed
news reports are _____
vital to people’s victims
safety; and certainly the _____ effects that
occurredBut why
such disasters have on _____ are worthy of attention.
are films and TV shows about natural disasters that _____
violent
years ago
so popular? What is it that attracts us about the
_____ side of nature?
Exercises • Cloze
represents
Psychologists say that asuppress
raging storm or fire _____ emotions
out of _____, and it just feels good to see them free
that we normally
probable
and active and _____ control. That sounds _____ — but I
have a theory of my ownlinked
too. I think our fascination with
natural
disasters is _____ with how helpless we are to control
occurrences
or stop such _____. Humans are so accustomed to feeling
powerful that the
holyfew things we can’t control or predict seem
almost _____, like miracles. Come to think of it, that would
as well
explain our fascination with love stories _____.
Translation
XIV.
Translate the following sentences into English.
《读写教程 II》: Ex. XII, p. 259
Translation
1. 多年来，人们一直把干旱、洪水、饥荒、野火和成千上
万人的死亡归咎于厄尔尼诺现象。
droughts, floods, famine, wildfires
be blamed for
Over the years, El Niño has been blamed for droughts
and floods, famine, wildfires and thousands of human
deaths.
Translation
2. 有些科学家认为厄尔尼诺现象也有其好的一面，例如，
它可能给干旱缺雨的中东带来极其珍贵的雨水。
a good side
thirsty Middle East
precious moisture
Some scientists believe that there is a good side to El
Niño. For example, it may bring precious moisture to
the thirsty Middle East.
Translation
3. 地震对人的巨大影响经常是灾难性的。例如1985年的墨
西哥城地震造成了估计为几百亿美元的损失，并夺去了
至少4，000人的生命。
vast impact on
inflict … in damage
claim … lives
Earthquake’s vast impact on humans has often been
catastrophic. The Mexico City earthquake of 1985, for
example, inflicted an estimated several billion dollars in
damage and claimed at least 4,6000 lives.
Translation
4. 当乌云笼罩住整座城市时，白天变成了黑夜，接踵而来
的是一场倾盆大雨。
come in one’s wake
blanket
downpour
Day turned to night when dark clouds blanketed the
whole city and a downpour came in their wake.
Translation
5. 显然，科学家对厄尔尼诺预报得越是精确，人们就能准
备得越好。
clearly
forecast
better prepared
Clearly, the more accurately scientists can forecast El
Niño, the better prepared people will be.
Translation
6. 科学家们正密切注视着热带太平洋气候模式的剧烈变化，
他们断定那年厄尔尼诺来得更早。
keep a sharp eye on
violent shifts
weather patterns of
the tropical Pacific
Keeping a sharp eye on the violent shifts in weather
patterns of the tropical Pacific, the scientists concluded
that El Niño was starting early that year.
Translation
7. 潮湿的空气在温暖的水域上空上升，使大气压力下降，
并引发了热带暴雨.
above the warm water
trigger
lower
Above the warm water, moist air rises, lowering
atmospheric pressure and triggering tropical downpours.
Translation
8. 也许将来有一天科学家能够精确地预测厄尔尼诺现象出
现，但是眼下我们只能是未雨绸缪，及时做好准备，预
防恶劣气候的到来。
someday
batten down the hatches
get ready for
Someday, perhaps, scientists will be able to exactly
predict the occurrence of El Niño, but for now, we can
only batten down the hatches and get ready for some
wild weather.
Structured Writing
Look at the outline and sample of another general-to-specific
paragraph.
General
observation:
From a geological
point of view, the modern era is just a
geological
era/
justofathe
brief
mild phase/
brief mild point
phaseofinview/
the modern
middle of
one
most
middle/
one/ most
devastating
periods/
Earth
devastating
periods
in the history
ofhistory
the Earth.
In
the last few million years the Earth has experienced
Details:
several
Ice million
Ages, and
there’s
noseveral
reasonIce
to Ages/
expectnothat
1) last few
years/
Earth/
reason/
they’re
over.
Between Ice Ages, there have been periods of
expect/
over
2)
Between
Ice Ages/
periods/
global warming/
turning
the
global
warming,
turning
the world
into one big
tropical
one
rain the
forest
rainworld/
forest.
Atbig
thetropical/
same time,
oceans and lakes have
3)
same time/changed
oceans and
periodically
changed
periodically
size,lakes/
flooding
vast regions
andsize/
then
flooding vast regions/ then drying/ again
drying up again.
Structured Writing
Now write
your ownII》:
paragraph
giving
inter-related
《读写教程
Ex. XV,
p. 263
details to support one of the general observations
suggested below.
Structured Writing
General observations:
• Difficult weather conditions have been a major
factor in promoting creative thinking.
Details
• There are many reasons why English has become an
international language.
• The use of computers can have a negative effect on
creativity.
• In any classroom in any country, part of what’s
going on is the teaching of culture.
Structured Writing
• General observation:
Difficult weather conditions have been a major
factor in promoting creative thinking.
Details:
1) Archaeologists point/ during/ Ice Age/ humans
invented tools/ setting/ stage/ construction/ cities
2) same time/ decrease/ temperature led/ discovery/
clothing; fashion raged/ wake
3) Meanwhile/ cold weather caused/ shortage/ fresh
vegetables/ motivating development/ frozen foods
Assignment
1. Revision of Text A:
•
Translation Ex. XI ~ XII
p.259
•
Cloze
p.260
Ex. XIII
2. Preview of Text B