Types of Nonfiction
Turn to p. 386
Read p. 386-387 silently. Write
down one comment or question to
discuss with the class.
Essay – examines and discusses a focused topic, often
including the writer’s personal viewpoints
Article – provides information about a topic, person, or event
Speech – written to be read aloud – presents a topic and may
persuade, inform, explain, or entertain
Similarities Between Essays and Articles 


Both are short works of nonfiction
Authors are usually identified and are always real
people
Other Literary Terms 
Voice – the author’s personal way of communicating
with the
audience
Four Elements of Voice:
1.
Style - the particular way in which a writer uses
language; reflects an author’s personality
Factors Contributing to the Author’s Style are:
- level of formality
- use of figurative language
- diction or word choice
- sentence patterns
- methods of organization
2. Tone –
the author’s attitude toward both the subject and
readers or listeners
- In conversations, you can hear a speaker’s tone in the way
words and phrases are spoken.
- When reading, you can “hear” tone in an author’s choice of
words and details.
- The tone of a literary work can often be described with a
single word such as: pompous, playful, serious, personal,
sarcastic, or friendly.
3. Perspective –
the viewpoint or opinion an author expresses
about the subject, either directly or indirectly.
Bias - occurs when a writer makes a one-sided presentation
(for example, by ignoring relevant facts or by using
emotional language that unfairly sway readers’ or listeners’
feelings).
4.
Purpose – the author’s reason for writing; common purposes are to inform,
to persuade, to honor, to entertain, to explain, and to warn.
Essays can be categorized by the author’s purpose:
Narrative Essay – tells a story of actual events or an individual’s life
experiences
Descriptive Essay – creates an impression about a person, an object, or an
experience by presenting physical details of sight, sound, smell, touch, or
taste
Expository Essay – provides information, discusses ideas, or explains a
process
Persuasive Essay – attempts to convince readers to take a specific course of
action or adopt the writer’s viewpoint
Reflective Essay – expresses the writer’s thoughts and feelings in response
to a personal experience or to an idea
Check Your Understanding
In your notebook, choose the letter of the
answer that best matches each numbered
item.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Formal, friendly, or casual
Encouraging polite behavior
Retelling a historical event
Explaining how Congress votes
Comic, mysterious, or doubtful
a.
a.
a.
a.
a.
style
essay
persuasive
expository
tone
b.
b.
b.
b.
b.
descriptive
bias
narrative
reflective
article
Discuss your answers with a partner.
AnSwErS!!!
1. Formal, friendly, or casual
a. style
b. descriptive
2. Encouraging polite behavior
a. essay
b. bias
3. Retelling a historical event
a. persuasive
b. narrative
4. Explaining how Congress votes
a. expository
b. reflective
5. Comic, mysterious, or doubtful
a. tone
b. article
From the Author’s Desk…
Rebecca Walker
Turn to p. 390.
Read the introduction of “Before Hip-Hop was Hip-Hop” on p.
390 silently.
Write down the answer to the following question:
What kind of purpose and tone do you
expect this essay will have?
Relate It To Your Own
Life
 Think about the elements of youth culture on
Hatteras.
 Write a few sentences about how you define
your culture.
 Use at least three of the following words:






Assemble
Commit
Identify
Persist
Provoke
Transmit
Before Hip-Hop Was Hip-Hop
by Rebecca Walker
Think about it…
Who creates youth culture: the bands
that make the music and the designers
who create fashion, or the teens who buy
the music and wear the styles?
Let’s Start Reading!

Count Off for Group Members and meet in your
designated spot.
Turn to p. 391.
1.
Your Assignment:
Assign group roles.


Group Roles
• Captain - This person is in charge of seeing to it
that the group is organized, gets started on
assignments quickly and everyone knows what to
do.
• Monitor - This person keeps track of time to keep
the group working smoothly. This person also sees
to it that the group has everything it needs. The
monitor is the only person who can pull the captain
aside and remind her/him that s/he is not doing
her/his job if the captain is off task.
• Recorder - This person sees to it that the group has
all the information it needs. This person sees to it
that notes are taken or that information is copied
from a website and saved. This person has the
added responsibility to make sure that the team's
work is original and not plagiarized.
• Reporter - This person is in charge of reporting the
group's accomplishments. When the group presents
a final product, the reporter is in charge of seeing
that it gets done on time and well.
2. Take turns reading the story aloud.
3. Working together, complete #2-6.
** 3b and 4b should be completed independently,
however, you may discuss your thoughts with
one another.
4. Independently complete the Writing Workshop
activity on the bottom of p. 397. Keep this in
the writing section of your notebook.
EXTRA CREDIT!!!
Using library and Internet resources, create a
popular culture timeline of Rebecca Walker’s
life. Follow these steps:
1. Identify key events in her life. List them in
order.
2. Add details about music, fashion, and dance at
the time of each event. Use photographs and
illustrations when possible.
3. Present your timeline to the class.
The News
by Neil Postman
Genre:
Expository Essay - attempts to give the
reader new information or a new
perspective or understanding about
something.
- short piece of nonfiction writing
- presents information, discusses ideas, or
explains a process
Techniques that Provide Support, Depth,
and Context:
1.
Description – including language
that appeals to the senses
2. Comparison and contrast – showing
similarities and differences between
two or among more than two items
3. Cause and effect – explaining the
realationship between events, actions,
or situations by showing how one can
result in another
Vocabulary
The News
Compensation – (n.) anything that makes up
for a loss, damage, or debt
Temporal – (adj.) having to do with time
Revered – (adj.) regarded with great respect
and awe
Daunting – (adj.) intimidating
Building Background
Television News –
In 1948, only 400,000 American homes had a
television.
By 1960, more than 46 million American
homes had a television, and TV began to take
over as the news medium of choice.
Today, television news is one of the most
influential institutions in American culture.
What’s your Opinion?
In “The News,” Neil Postman
analyzes the pros and cons of
television news.
Write a short paragraph telling
how YOU learn about
newsworthy events and
explaining which medium you
prefer. Use at least three of
these words: analyze, rely,
clarify, indicate.
Meet the Author
Neil Postman (1931-2003)
-
Born in NY
Received his doctorate from Columbia University
Write 20 books and hundreds of articles
Wrote an intense article called The Disappearance of Childhood
where he asserts that TV exposes children to adult concerns far
too early
Media critic and a revered professor of communication at NYU
where he taught for over 40 years
Named his field “media ecology,” and his greatest concern was the
effect that TV was having on Americans
Won the George Orwell Award from the National Council of
Teachers of English
Let’s Start Reading…
 Turn to p. 426
 Read The News by Neil Postman
 When you finish reading, turn to p. 434
and complete the following assignment:


Thinking About the Selection - #1-5
Vocabulary Builder - practice
Cooperative Group Time!!
Your Task 
Write a script for a public service announcement
that encourages people to use a variety of news
sources.
 Based on the Neil Postman essay, jot down
details that might encourage people to use a
variety of news sources.
 Describe visual elements that would create a
persuasive message.
 In your script, include one direct quotation from
Postman’s essay, and describe the visual that
would go with it.
Online Activity
In a group, watch several news broadcasts, paying
special attention to the images presented. Then,
give an informal presentation to discuss
Postman’s view that TV news is dominated by the
“need to keep people watching.”
- discuss the intellectual and emotional
effects of the picture
- point out what the pictures show
about the broadcasters’ intentions
As you present, pause occasionally to summarize
and evaluate your conclusions.
Sites to Use for Internet Activity
 www.foxnews.com
 www.msnbc.com
 www.cnn.com
Single Room, Earth View
by Sally Ride
Vocabulary
Articulate – (adj.) expressing oneself clearly and
easily
Novice - (adj.) new to an activity; inexperienced
Diffused – (v.) spread out
Extrapolating – (v.) arriving at a conclusion by
inferring from known facts
Practice
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pick up a Skills Development Workbook
from the bottom book shelf.
Turn to p. 119 and carefully tear the page
out. Put your workbook back neatly on
the book shelf.
Complete the Vocabulary Builder activity.
Hold onto your worksheet because we
will be reviewing it altogether.
First American Woman in Space
On June 18, 1983, when she worked as a
flight engineer and mission specialist
about the shuttle Challenger, Sally Ride
became the first American woman in
space. Her historic mission allowed her to
experience what she recounts in “Single
Room, Earth View.”
Reading/Writing
Connection
In this essay, Sally Ride describes what it is like
to look at Earth from space.
Write five sentences describing an experience
you had of seeing something from a new
perspective. Use at least three of the following
words: alter, contradict, emphasize,
perceive.
**Underline your words!!!
Meet the Author… Sally Ride

Before becoming an astronaut, she was a
talented athlete – ranked tennis player who
considered going professional before deciding
to go to college.
 In 1978, she read a newspaper article about
NASA’s search for astronauts.
 After undergoing extensive testing, she was
chosen as one of six women and twenty-five
men out of 8,000 applicants.
 She retired from NASA in 1987 and currently
teaches physics at the University of California.
Let’s Start Reading…
• Working with a partner, read
Single Room, Earth View on p.
437.
• After reading, complete:
• #1, 4 – independently
• #2-3, 5-9 – together
• Vocabulary Builder Practice together
Vocabulary Skill
Prefixes
• The prefix equi- means “equal.”
• The prefix is contained in the word
equivalent, which means “equal in meaning.”
• In mathematics, -equi- is used in the
words equilateral and equidistant as a
verbal reinforcement of a mathematical
concept.
Example – Her stony stare was the
equivalent of a severe lecture on the
importance of being punctual.
Practice
All of the following words begin with the
prefix equi-. Predict the meaning of
each word. Check your definition in a
dictionary. Then, use each word in an
original sentence.
1. equidistant
3. equitable
2. equilateral
4. equivocal
Grammar Notes
Predicate Nominatives and Predicate Adjectives
Predicate Nominative:
1.
renames the subject of the sentence
2.
comes after a linking verb and renames, identifies, or
explains the subject of the sentence
3.
The linking verb acts as an equal sign between the subject
and the predicate nominative
Example: The winner of the tournament is our team.
Team renames winner.
Predicate adjective – an adjective that
appears with a linking verb and describes
the subject of the sentence.
Example: The swimmer was fast.
Fast describes swimmer.
Practice!
Circle and label the predicate nominative or
predicate adjective in the following sentences.
Then, use the predicate nominative or predicate
adjective in a new sentence.
1. Swimming is good for strengthening muscles.
2. A sport is a physical exertion for recreation or
competition.
3. About 5,000 years ago, wrestling eas essentially
a survival skill.
4. The butterfly stroke appears graceful.
5. The winner of the tournament is our team.
Monitor Your Progress
• Turn to p. 445 in your book.
• Complete the Reading Skill activity and the
Timed Writing activity.
Reading Informational Materials



With a partner, read p. 446 together and
discuss technical documents and reading for
specific information.
Read pp. 447-448 and complete the Monitor
Your Progress on p. 449, including #1-5 and
the timed writing activity.
You may use one sheet of paper per
partnership. Both of you will assume all
cooperative group roles, except for the
recorder role. Make a choice about who will
write.