Family, Income and Crime
University of Montevideo
Sept. 28, 2006
Patrick F. Fagan
The Heritage Foundation
The Five Institutions
SOCIETY
FAMILY
CHURCH
SCHOOL
GOVERNMENT
MARKET
PLACE
CHILD
CREATURE
STUDENT
CITIZEN
WORKER
FATHER
MOTHER
FAMILY
PARENT SPOUSE
CREATURE
LEARN TEACH
CITIZEN
WORK
Mother, Father, Child, Family, Institutions, Society
And The Virtues
© Pat Fagan 9-19-2006
TASKS TO BE DONE
LOVE
INTEGRITY
PIETY
JUSTICE
HARDWORK
INQUIRY
MAGNAMIMITY
HABITS
VIRTUES
HARDWORK
HONESTY
REVERENCE
FAMILY
CHURCH
C
O
M
M
U
N
I
T
Y
SCHOOL
GOVERNMENT
MARKET
PLACE
S
O
C
I
E
T
Y
ADULT
CHILD
CREATURE
STUDENT
CITIZEN
WORKER
MOTHER
F
A
M
I
L
Y
FATHER
FAMILY
PARENT SPOUSE
SCHOOL
CREATURE
TEACHER
CITIZEN
WORK
LOVE
INTEGRITY
PIETY
REVERENCE
HARDWORK
INQUIRY
JUSTICE
MAGNAMIMITY
HARDWORK
HONESTY
HABITS
VIRTUES
Yearly Income, 2000, Families With Children
Note: Figures do not include transferred income.
$60,000
$54,000
$50,000
$50,000
$40,000
$30,000
$30,000
$20,000
$23,000
$20,000
$9,400
$9,100
NEVER MARRIED
WIDOWED
$10,000
$SEPARATED
DIVORCED
COHABITATION
SECOND(+) MARRIAGE
FIRST MARRIAGE
Children in Poverty, 2000
80
67
70
Percent In Poverty
60
50
39
40
41
31
30
20
12
13
FIRST MARRIAGE
SECOND(+) MARRIAGE
10
0
DIVORCED
COHABITATION
SEPARATED
NEVER MARRIED
Average Hrs. Worked Per Yr.
Source : Survey of Consumer Finance 2000
4000
3519
Spouse; Partner
3500
3227
Total Hours Worked Per Yr
Head of Household
3412
3000
1384
1199
2135
2213
SECOND(+) MARRIAGE
FIRST MARRIAGE
1391
2500
1891
2000
1620
1500
1128
1279
1000
1835
500
0
WIDOWED
NEVER MARRIED
SEPERATED
DIVORCED
LIVING W/PARTNER
{
Marriage Premium in Male Income
Source Antovics, K. & Town, R. Am Econ Review V 94, (2004) pp 317-321
$127
140
120
$100
Comparative Income %
100
80
60
+
40
$27
=
20
0
Average Unmarried Male
Premium
Average Married Male
Impact of Divorce on Income of Families
1993 Average Annual Income
$50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
Before Divorce
After Divorce
Family Status
Source: Corcoran and Chaudray, Unpublished Research Paper, Survey Research
Center, University of Michigan, May 1994
Chart 1
The Proportion of Children Entering Broken Families
Has More Than Quadrupled Since 1950
60
Children Entering a Broken Family for Every 100 Children Born
50
Children Born in
Previous Years
W hose Parents Divorce
40
30
20
Children Born
Out of W edlock
10
1950
1960
1970
1980
Source: National Center for Health Statistics data series.
1990
US Family Strucuture for Adolescents 14-18
Source: Survey of Consumer Finance 2000
Single Parent, Widowed,
3%
Single Parent Never
Married, 6%
First Marriage/ Intact
Two-Parent Family, 42%
Single Parent, Divorced
or Separated, 21%
Cohabiting Couple, 6%
Second Marriage/TwoParent Step Family, 22%
Belonging Vs Having (Constant $)
Sources: NCHS Data and US Statistical Abstracts
60000
100.0
50000
80.0
Median Family Income
$
70.0
40000
60.0
B
E
L
O
N
G
30000
20000
10000
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
19
98
19
95
19
90
19
85
19
80
19
75
19
70
19
65
19
60
0.0
19
55
19
50
0
Totally Belonging From Birth
90.0
Schema: Having Vs Belonging in the US
$
B
E
L
O
N
G
Median Net Worth Of Families With Children Under 18, 2000
Source: Survey of Consumer Finance 2001
$140,000
$120,250
$120,000
$105,360
$100,000
$80,000
$60,000
$40,000
$27,800
$20,000
$14,850
$16,540
SEPARATED
COHABITATION
$20,540
$350
$NEVER MARRIED
WIDOWED
DIVORCED
SECOND(+) MARRIAGE
FIRST MARRIAGE
EDUCATION
Grade Point Average
3.1
Grade Point Average (Out of Maximum of 4.0)
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
Intact Married
Parents
Cohabiting
Parents
Step
Parents
Always Single
Parents
Divorced
Parents
Family Structure
Source:
National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health Wave 1, 1995
School Expulsion
Source Add Health Wave II 1996
ABUSE, First
CRIME, Later
U.S.: Incidence of Types of Abuse for Different Family Income Groups
(Source NIS-3)
12
11
Number of Children per 1000
10
8
7
6.5
6
5
4
2.8
2.5
2
0.7
0.5
0.4
0
Physical Abuse
Sexual Abuse
<$15,000/yr
$15,000-29,999/yr
Emotional Abuse
$30,000+/yr
In Britain, a Child Whose Biological Mother
Cohabits was 33 Times More Likely to Suffer
Serious Abuse than a Child with Married Parents
Comparative Risk Ratios for Serious Abuse, 1982-1988
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
Biological
Parents
Married
Mother
Married to
Stepfather
Biological
Mother
Alone
Biological
Parents
Cohabiting
Family Structure
Source: Robert Whelan, Broken Homes and Broken Children, 1994.
Biological
Father
Alone
Biological
Mother
Cohabiting
In Britain, a Child Whose Biological Mother
Cohabits was 73 Times More Likely to Suffer Fatal
Abuse than a Child with Married Parents
Comparative Risk Ratios for Serious Abuse, 1982-1988
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
Biological
Parents
Married
Mother
Married to
Stepfather
Biological
Mother
Alone
Biological
Parents
Cohabiting
Family Structure
Source: Robert Whelan, Broken Homes and Broken Children, 1994.
Biological
Father
Alone
Biological
Mother
Cohabiting
Runaway Children in UK
Step-Families
Lone-parent Families
Two-parent Families
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
Percentage of children running away overnight
before the age of 16
25%
U.S: Partner / Spouse Violence
Against Mothers Over 20 With Children under 12
Source DOJ Nat Crime Victimization Survey 1999
35
33
30
Rate Oer 1,000
25
20
15
15
10
5
4
6
0
Married
Widowed
Married+Div+Sep
Combined
Never Married
US & UK Abuse-Of-Children Data Tell Similar Story
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
65.6
25
50.1
20
20
15
14
26.9
10
9
5
0
2 Parent Family
Mother-Only Family Father Only Family
US Abuse Rates
UK Abuse Ratios
UK Comparative
Abuse Ratios
US Abuse Rate per
100
Sources: US: NIS-3/ HHS 1996 UK Court Data,"Child Abuse Crisis"
Heritage Foundation.
CRIME
CITIZENSHIP