America and North Carolina
1790’s-1850

GEORGE WASHINGTON
• First President of the United
States
• Whiskey Rebellion
– tax on homemade whiskey
– Hurt NC farmers -couldn’t ship crops b/c of bad transportations corn whiskey was more portable
– Farmers rebelled in NC and
PA. Washington sent Federal troops to PA. Tax repealed.
• First political parties
– 1. Federalists – believed in strong national government controlled by the wealthy elite
– 2. Democratic-Republicans
(Anti-Federalist) – believed in a limited national government run by all men.

• Washington D.C. is established as the capital of the United
States, replacing New
York.

JOHN ADAMS
2 nd President of the U.S.
• XYZ Affair – 1798 –
French wanted bribes to negotiate with America – led to undeclared war
• Alien and Sedition Acts –
1798 – allowed the
President to deport foreign citizens and made it illegal to criticize government policies.

Thomas Jefferson
3 rd President of the U.S.
•Purchases New Orleans from France
-Port of New Orleans- important connection to Mississippi River (key for transporting goods to trade)
•Louisiana Purchase– 1803
- Paid France $15 million
- Benefits: Doubled size of USA & ensured access to Gulf of Mexico
- Consequences: Much of land sold by
France wasn’t actually theirs to sell=years of fighting with Native Americans over land; question of slavery in new territory
- Lewis & Clark Expedition (1804-1806)
Meriwether Lewis/William Clark look for water route to Pacific, Sacagawea
.
Pike’s Expedition – 1806 – Zebulon Pike

Meriwether Lewis William Clark
Sacagawea

James Madison
4 th President of U.S.
• Britain & France seized
American ships and impressed American soldiers
• British aid Native Americans in Ohio Valley
(CTF-pg 310)
• These lead to War of 1812

• 1812-1814 between U.S. and Great Britain
– Fought over border disputes, trade problems and impressment
• U.S. Wins
– Andrew Jackson- best U.S. general
• Results
-Republican party gains power
-patriotism
-strong national identity
-America gains respect from other nations

James Monroe
• 5 th president
• Florida added in 1819
– treaty with Spain
• Missouri Compromise (1820)
– Henry Clay
• Revolutions in Latin American countries
(Mexico, Argentina Columbia)
– freed land from Spain’s control which gave independence
• Monroe Doctrine
– Stated that U.S. will not permit
European Nations to colonize or interfere with the Americas
– Sent message to Europe that US was a strong nation
1817-1825

Missouri Compromise

Andrew Jackson
• 7 th president
• Spoils system
-Rewarding supporters with government jobs
• Nullification Crisis
SC outraged by tariff passed
-raised taxes on importsbelieved could nullify (cancel) federal law they considered unconstitutional
• Indian Removal Act
• Trail of Tears
1829-1837

• Indian Removal Act
– Authorized the removal of all Indians east of the
Mississippi to reservations in the West
• Trail of Tears
– US moves Cherokee to
Oklahoma
– ¼ of 18,000 died-not enough food, or shelter, or medical care provided

1820-1860
• Manifest Destiny
– belief shared by many Americans that the US should expand across the continent to the Pacific Ocean spreading American democratic, economic and religious values
Opportunities
• land ownership,
• economic gain
• gold rush
• freedom for runaway slaves
• religious refuge for
Mormons
Challenges
• struggles with Native
Americans
• issue of slavery
• tough lifestyle for settlers
• difficult travel

• Oregon Trail (Mountain Men)
• Santa Fe Trail
• Immigrants moved west following these trails to settle in California, Oregon and other western areas.
• Donner Party

• Texas becomes an independent country, breaking away from Mexico
– joins the US in
1845
• Battle of the Alamo

• United States defeats
Mexico in war
• Gains all of the
Southwest part of
America – California,
New Mexico, Arizona,
Utah, parts of Texas

• Gold
1. Gold found in NC (1824-1850)
– First gold ever found in US
– Gave NC experience w/ industry
2. California Gold Rush
– Thousands of people head to CA after gold discovered in 1848
– CA has tremendous population growth – leads to Compromise of
1850
– 49’ers
• Businesses supplying settlers and others on the frontier could charge higher prices due to lack of competition

• Mountain men-
– Oregon Trail
• 49’ers-
– damage to Californios disease
& loss of land ownership
• Missionaries
– brought diseases to Native
Americans, opened West to settlement
• Pioneer women
– established schools, libraries,
& charitable groups,
• Mormons
-Farming methods
-established a Salt Lake
City -became crucial stop for travelers going west
-religion
• Chinese-
labor force
- shared Chinese culture
• Western women
-1 st to gain the right to vote and had many freedoms

NORTH VS. SOUTH
INDUSTRIES AND SOCIETY

• Time period beginning in Mid 1700’s when people began to focus on use of machines to help speed up manufacturing and production.
• Began in England– Textile Industry
• Technology – Tools and machinery used to produce goods
• New Methods
– Mass Production- making of large numbers of identical goods
– Interchangeable parts- system in which each particular part of a product would be made exactly the same way

• Many Women – Lowell System
• Small Children – Rhode Island System
• Many employees worked long shifts doing dangerous jobs for low pay and benefits
• Labor Unions
– Worker organizations to get better pay and conditions-strikes and lawsuits

• Transportation Revolution
– Period during the early 1800’s in which transportation in the US was rapidly improved.
• Steam power
– Steamboat-Robert Fulton improved the steamboat making traveling easier. Connected the North to the South
-Steam Locomotive- much faster to travel by land. (east to Se
• 30,000 Miles of railroad in use by 1860
• 1 st transcontinental line finished in 1861

• Telegraph (1832) – invented by Samuel
Morse Invents
– Allows messages to be sent instantly
– Morse Code
– 1844 1 st message sent between two locations

AGRICULTURAL AND HOME
IMPROVEMENTS
• Steel plow– 1837
JOHN DEERE
• Mechanical Reaper
– Invented by Cyrus
McCormick (& Jo
Anderson- a slave) began to be massed produced in 1850’s
– Used to cut down/separate grain
– Increased output of crops
• Sewing Machine-
1846 – Elias Howe &
Isaac
• Iceboxes – 1830’s
• Iron cook stoves
• Clocks
• Indoor plumbing

• Farmers in Eastern North Carolina did well during this time period
• Bright Leaf Tobacco
• Most political and economic power stayed in the East
• Most Western farmers struggled – subsistence farming

• Few internal improvements
• Transportation system was poor – few roads and waterways
• Most North Carolinians did not want to pay taxes for public programs (education and transportation)
• Archibald Debow Murphey – early reformer

• Constitution of 1835 – spread power more evenly between east and west, removed land ownership from voting requirements
• 1830’s–1840’s – improvement in transportation
• plank roads and first railroads – helped western farmers and businesses move product more easily
• Public education system begun in the 1850’s
– Calvin Wiley – first state education superintendent

• 2 nd Great Awakening
• 1790’s-1830’s
• Charles G. Finney
• Believed that sin was avoidable and each person was responsible for their own salvation
• Led to large growth in church membership

• Belief in spiritualism over money and belongings
• Each person should rely on themselves instead of outside authority
• Ralph Waldo Emerson –
Self-Reliance – 1841
• Henry David Thoreau –
Walden - 1854

• Some
Transcendentalists tried to form perfect societies
• Brooks Farm
• Shakers – did not believe in private ownership, lived plain lifestyle

• Belief that all individuals brought unique, important views to the world
• Nathaniel Hawthorne
– Scarlet Letter
• Edgar Allan Poe
• Emily Dickinson

• 1840-1860 – 4 million new immigrants
• Mostly German and
Irish – fleeing famine and harsh government
• Many native citizens resented them and feared that they would take their jobs -
Nativists
• Know-Nothing Party – opposed to immigrants
• Major urban growth – jobs in factories
• Middle class
• Poor people lived in bad conditions tenements

• Many people wanted to improve society
• Dorothea Dix – mental health reformer
• Child Crime
• Prison Conditions

• 1800’s – poor public education
• Few resources, little money, untrained teachers, one-room schools
• Many children worked to support their families
• Common-school movement
– Horace Mann
• Lengthened school year, better salaries and training
• Calvin Wiley
– NC superintendent of schools
– Traveled to promote public education

• Few women went past grade school
• Catharine Beecher
• Emma Willard
• Led to increased opportunities for women
• Oberlin College –
1837 – first co-ed college
• Free Blacks in the
North had separate schools at first
• Few colleges would accept them – Oberlin in 1835 was first
• Southern Blacks had little to no Education

• First women’s rights convention – July 1848 –
New York
• Beginning of the Women’s Rights movement
• Declaration of Rights and Sentiments
• Lucretia Mott
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Sojourner Truth
• Susan B. Anthony

Lucretia Mott
Sojourner Truth
Elizabeth Cady
Stanton
Susan B. Anthony

• Cotton becomes a major cash crop of the
Southern states
• 1793 Eli Whitney invents Cotton Gin
• Separated seeds from cotton=need for more slaves to plant
• Scientific agriculture
• Cotton Belt- SC to East Texas
• Slave trade outlawed in 1808

Cotton Gin

Cotton Belt

• Most cotton shipped to Europe, especially
England
• Cotton production discouraged the growth of
Southern industry (stuck to Agriculture)
• About 1/3 of Southern whites were slave owners. Only 25% of that counted as planters
(owners of more than 20 slaves)
• Yeomen - small farmers
• 1860 – 4 MILLION BLACK SLAVES IN SOUTH
• 250,000 free blacks in the South

• 1517 – Atlantic Slave Trade begins
– Spain imports slaves from Africa to Central and
South America (Native Americans were tried first)
• Between 1517 and 1808, over 20 million people are taken from West Africa. Half did not survive to reach America
• 1619 – First Africans arrive in Jamestown,
Virginia – indentured servants
• Slaves were viewed as necessary for the
South’s agricultural economy.

• Most slaves kidnapped by African slavers or sold to slave traders by the tribal kings
• Most were sent to “Seasoning Camps” first
• Triangle Trade – three-part voyage
1. America to Europe- sugar, tobacco, cotton
2. Europe to Africa – guns, textiles, manufactured goods
3. Africa to America – Middle Passage – slaves to America - 6 to 8 weeks

• Slave ships typically carried between 100 to 300 slaves-men and women
• Most slaves were between the ages of 12 and 30
• Conditions on the trip were horrific.
Anywhere from 10% to 50% of the slaves would not survive the trip
• Slave Auctions – slaves were sold anywhere between $200 and $2500 usually

Graph for
Loading slaves
Aboard ship

• Slaves did many different jobs but most commonly used for agriculture
– House Slaves
– Field slaves
– Gang labor
– Overseers
– Drivers – slave forman
• Slaves were property not people
• Slaves could not legally travel or be taught to read or write.
• Slave families were frequently split up

• Physical punishment was common
• Religion was used to support slavery
• Slaves tried to keep their culture through folk tales and spirituals
• 1831 – NAT TURNER’S Rebellion
• Slave rebellions were the biggest fear for white southerners

• 1830’s – escape system set up by free Blacks, escaped slaves, white abolitionists, and religious groups (Quakers)
• Harriet Tubman, Harriet
Jacobs
• 1810-1850 – 40,000 slaves escaped using the
Underground Railroad

• Escaped slave
• Taught himself to read and write
• Became leading abolitionist and speaker

• Abolition – complete end to slavery
• Emancipation – to free from slavery
• Abolition groups – religious groups,
Quakers,
Transcendentalists
• Not all abolitionists agreed on what to do
• 1817 – American
Colonization Society – group to send freed slaves to Liberia
• Robert Finley
• Theodore Dwight Weld
• David Walker
• William Lloyd Garrison – published the Liberator , founded the American
Anti-slavery Society in
1833.

William Lloyd Garrison
David Walker
Angelina and
Sarah Grimke
Theodore
Dwight
Weld

• Most Northern whites were opposed to
Abolition
• Many worried that freed slaves would take their jobs
• The U.S. government ignored the issue as much as possible
• Southern whites believed that slavery was vital for their economy
• Did not want outsiders interfering
• Believed that blacks were better off
• Drove most southern abolitionists out