Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Example of a
Printed
Circuit Board
– front and
back side
The course material was developed in INSIGTH II, a project
sponsored by the Leonardo da Vinci program of the European Union
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 1
PCB Design, Introduction
• For new electronic
products, designers are
key persons, but should
work in intimate
cooperation with:
–Sales, marketing and
customers
–Subcontractors
–Production process experts
–Cost engineers
–Logistics and purchasing
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 2
PCB Design, continued
• Advanced PCB CAD tools a neccessity
–Schematics
–Component Library
–Critical Parameters (Placement Constraints,
Electromagnetic Compatibility, Thermal
Limitations, etc)
–Automatic Routing
–Final Touch Manual Routing
–(Verification by Final Simulation and Back
Annotation)
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 3
PCB CAD tools, continued
• Output:
–Final Schematics
–Assembly Drawings
–Documentation for PWB Manufacturer
(”Gerber” file giving input for making PWB
Manucturing Data (See Chapter 5):
• Data for Photo- or Laser Plotter for Making
Photographic Films and Printing Masks
• Data for Numeric Drilling and Milling Machines
• Data for Placement Machines
• Data for Test Fixtures and Testing Machines
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 4
PCB Design, continued
• Guidelines for Right
Quality
–Choice of Best Suited
Technology/Technologies
–Choice of Components:
Right Compromise
between Performance,
Reliability, Cost, etc.
–Design for Production
–Design for Testability
–Design for Repair
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 5
PCB Design, continued
• Guidelines on Design for Manufacture
–Few layers
–Coarse pattern
–Standardisation
–Robust design (coarse tolerances)
–Orderly placement
Fig. 6.1.a: Proper component placement for hole- and surface mounted components
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 6
Orderly Placement, continued
Fig. 6.1.b: Proper component placement for hole- and surface
mounted IC components
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 7
PCB Design, continued
• Important Guideline for "Robust Design":
– Circuits should function with large parameter
tolerances:
• Design windows allowing for variations in
component parameters.
• Process windows allowing for variations in each
process step.
– Regulatory requirements on safety and EMC
should be passed within the specified design
and process windows.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 8
Design of Hole and Surface
Mounted PCBs: Design Parameters
• Minimum Dimensions:
–The conductor cross section
areas and resistivity of the
material determine maximum
current capacity and thereby
minimum dimensions.
–Current capacity is limited by
excessive heating of the
conductors and the PCB.
–Maximum allowed ohmic
voltage drop along the
conductor also determines
minimum dimensions.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 9
Design Parameters:
Minimum Dimensions
Fig. 6.2: Current capacity and
temperature increase in
conductors on PCBs.
The upper figure shows the
temperature increase (labels on
each curve) at different
combinations of cross-sections
and currents).
The lower figure shows the
conductor cross-section (along
the x-axis) as a function of the
conductor width for different
Cu-layer thicknesses.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 10
Design Parameters: DC Line
Resistance:
• DC Line resistance:
R = r • L/(t • b)
r ~ 2 .0 • 10 -8 Wm for Cu foil
–
r is resistivity of the conductor
material (ohm m)
– L is conductor length
– t is conductor thickness
– b is conductor width
L
b
t
Current I
• Sheet Resistance [ohm/square]:
R =r/ t
– Rsq = r / t
R = R •L
b
– R = Rsq • L / b
– 18 um copper: Rsq ~ 1 mW/sq
– 35 um copper: Rsq ~ 0.5 mW/sq
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 11
Hole and Surface Mounted
PCB Design
• Pattern Minimum Dimensions:
Class
Conductor width, b
Conductor separation, I
Hole diameter, d
Hole pad diameter,D
0
0.4
0.5
0.9
1.8
1
0.3
0.3
0.8/0.5
1.5
2
0.22
0.2
0.8/0.5
1.3/1.0
3
5 *)
7 *)
0.15
0.13
0.10
0.17
0.12
0.10
0.8/0.3 0.8/0.2 0.8/0.1
1.3/.65 0.6 0) 0.4 0)
Table 6.1: Examples of minimum dimension and PCB
classes. The class indicates how many conductors can pass
between the solder pads of a DIP package (no. of channels),
and typical corresponding minimum dimensions in mm.
When two figures are given for hole diameters, they are for
component- and via holes respectively.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 12
a)
Pattern Minimum Dimensions,
continued
b)
Fig. 6.4: a): Parameters in layout dimensions used in Table 6.1.
b): Minimum dimensions for solder mask for surface mount PWBs.
Left: Dimensions for screen printed solder mask, with one common
opening for all solder lands of an IC package. Right: Photoprocessible
solder mask with a "pocket" for each terminal, permitting conductors
between the solder lands.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 13
Mixed Hole Mount and SMD
Printed Circuit Boards
• Mixed PCBs are quite common due to:
–Technical issues
–Component availability and cost
–Available capacity and performance of equipment in
PCB manufacturing line(s).
Fig. 6.5: Common types of SMD- and mixed SMD-/hole mount PCBs.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 14
SMD Printed Circuit Boards
• Important aspects of
design:
–Component heat
tolerances for reflow/wave solder processes
–Component orientation
for wave solder:
• Shadowing
–Solder thieves for wave
soldering
–Minimum distance
between components
–Isolated via holes/solder
lands
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Fig. 6.6: Preferred and not preferred
directions of SMD components during
wave soldering.
Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 15
Important Aspects of Design,
continued
Fig. 6.7: Minimum separation between SMD components during
wave soldering.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 16
Important Aspects of Design,
continued
Fig. 6.8: Solder lands for SMD components should be separated
from heavy copper areas by narrow constrictions. Conductors should
preferably leave the solder lands of one component symmetrically.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 17
Important Aspects of Design,
continued
Fig. 6.9: Via holes should be separated from solder lands.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 18
Important Aspects of Design,
continued
Fig. 6.10: Dummy land for better control of the amount of adhesive
in wave soldering process.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 19
Important Aspects of Design,
continued
Fig. 6.11: "Solder thieves" are areas in the Cu layer to reduce
bridging in wave soldering.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 20
Important Aspects of Design,
continued
Fig. 6.12: Parameters defining solder land dimensions for SMD
resistors and capacitors, please refer to Table 6.2.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 21
Solder Land Dimensions
Type
Chip
resistors
and
capacitors
Al electrolytic
capacitors (Philips)
Tantalum
electrolytic
capacitors
(Philips)
Size
0603
0805
1206
1210
1808
1812
2220
1a
1
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Wave soldering
a
b
B
1.45
1.7
2.75
2.25
3.25
5.3
2.5
2.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
2.75
2.75
3.65
3.0
4.0
3.65
4.85
4.85
6.45
6.45
7.6
10.0
14.0
5.0
6.3
7.55
6.3
7.55
8.45
9.15
9.65
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.6
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.2
2.5
2.5
Reflow soldering
a
b
0.9
0.8
1.45
0.8
1.7
1.0
2.75
1.0
2.25
1.1
3.25
1.1
5.3
1.2
2.5
3.0
2.5
3.0
1.5
1.1
1.5
1.1
1.5
1.1
2.75
1.1
2.75
1.1
3.65
1.3
3.0
1.6
4.0
1.6
B
2.3 *)
2.65
3.65
3.6
5.2
5.2
6.2
9.0
12.0
3.2
4.5
5.75
4.5
5.75
6.65
7.35
7.85
Solder land dimensions of 0603 components are discussed in [6.35]
Table 6.2: Solder land dimensions for SMD resistors and capacitors (mm), please
refer to Figure 6.12.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 22
Solder Land Dimensions,
continued
Fig. 6.13: Additional dimensions of SMD component and solder lands.
Width a:
a = Wmax + K
Length b: * Reflow :
b = Hmax + 2Tmax + K
* Wave:
b = Hmax + 2Tmax + 2K
Length B:
B = Lmax + 2Hmax + 2Tmax + K, K = 0.25 mm.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 23
Solder Land Dimensions,
continued
Fig. 6.14: Solder
land dimensions
for SMD
transistors and
diodes.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 24
Solder Land Dimensions,
continued
Package
SO-8 to -16
SO-16L to -28
VSO -40
Pitch, P
1.27
1.27
0.76
a
0.63
0.63
0.4
b
1.5
1.8
2.7
A
7.2
11.6
13.6
Table 6.3: Solder land dimensions for SO or VSO components (mm),
please refer to Figure 6.15.
Fig. 6.15: Solder land
dimensions for SO and
VSO packages, please refer
to Table 6.3.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 25
Solder Land Dimensions,
continued
Fig. 6.16: Solder land dimensions for PLCC, LLCC and flatpacks,
please refer to Tables 6.4 - 6.7.
• a = Bmax + 0.1 mm
• b = Fmax + 0.4 mm
• A,B = Emax + 0.8 mm
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B = width of leas
F = length of lead footprint
E = separation between lead ends
Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 26
Solder Land Dimensions,
continued
Number of
terminals
(on side A/B)
A
B
18
(4/5)
9.0
12.6
20
(5/5)
9.4
22
(4/7)
13.4
14.6
28
(7/7)
10.8
32
(7/9)
13.3
16.0
44
52
68
84
(11/11) (13/13) (17/17) (21/21)
18.4
21.0
26.0
31.1
Table 6.4: Solder land dimensions for PLCC (mm), please refer to
Figure 6.16. Pitch, P = 1.27 (0.050") a = 0.63 b = 2.0
Number of
terminals
16
20
24
28
44
52
68
84
A=B
9.8
11.1
12.4
13.6
18.8
21.3
26.4
31.5
Table 6.5: Solder land dimensions for LLCC (mm), please refer to
Figure 6.16. Pitch, P = 1.27 (0.050") a = 0.63 b = 2.5
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 27
Solder Land Dimensions,
continued
Number of
terminals
(on side A/B)
44
48
52
54
(13/14)
A
15.0
18.0
22.0
64
(13/19)
70
(11/24)
80
(16/24)
100
(20/30
19.4
17.0
18.5
18.5
25.4
29.2
24.5
24.5
15.0
B
P 0.8
0.8
1.0
0.65
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.65
a 0.4
0.4
0.5
0.35
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.35
Table 6.6: Solder land dimensions for flatpacks (mm), please refer to
Figure 6.16. b = 2.5
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 28
Solder Land Dimensions,
continued
Fig. 6.17: Solder land dimensions for TAB.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 29
Design for Testability
Fig. 6.18:
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a): Correct position of test point, separated from solder land.
b): Test points on solder lands are not recommended.
c): Testing on components or component leads should be avoided.
Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 30
Design for Testability,
continued
Fig. 6.19: Examples of test point placement on a grid with 0.1”
spacing, for testing of SMD components with 0.05” pitch.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 31
Testability
• Defect level:
•
•
•
•
DL (ppm) = 1 - Y(1-T) x 106
DL = defect level
Y = yield
T = fault coverage
• Test Methods
–Functional test
–In-circuit test
–Scan path
–Boundary scan
–Built-in self test
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 32
Test Principles
• Guidelines for Test Strategy
–Single sided (normally) - double sided test
fixtures are expensive and less robust
–Separate test points - avoid using component
leads or solder lands
–0.1" grid (normally) - 0.05 ” test probes are
fragile
–Solder on test points for reliable contact
–Watch out and consider possible problems
with high components
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 33
Material Considerations for
Thermal Compatibility
Fig. 6.20: Mechanical strain is caused by difference in coefficient of thermal
expansion (TCE), and changes in temperature. The magnitude of the corresponding
stress depends on dimensions, temperature difference/change, and the elastic
moduli of the materials.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 34
Thermal Design
Fig. 6.21:
a): Heat flow from hole
mounted and surface
mounted components on a
PCB.
b): Relative amount of heat
removed by conduction,
convection and radiation,
from DIP hole mounted
components and SMD
LLCC components - typical
values.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 35
Thermal Design
•Fourier´s law
– Q = DT/RT
– RT = (1/K) • (L/A)
Q = Heat flow [W]
DT = Temperature difference [°C]
RT = Thermal resistance [°C/W]
K = Thermal conductivity [W/m°C]
L,A = Length / cross-section
•Equivalent to Ohm´s law :
– I = DU/Rel
Rel = 1/s • L/A
•Convection: Q = h • A • DT
– h = convection coefficient [W/m oC]
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Fig. 6.22:
a): Heat flow due to
conduction - Fourier´s
equation.
b): Heat flow due to
convection.
Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 36
Thermal Design, continued
•Thermal Resistance
–Rjc: Thermal resistance junction - case
–Rjl: Thermal resistance junction - lead
–Rja: Thermal resistance junction - ambient
•Tj = Ta + P • Rja
–Ta: Ambient temperature
–Tj : Junction temperature
Fig. 6.23: Thermal model of an IC and package.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 37
Thermal Design, continued
• Example: IBM’s Thermal Module for Mainframe Logics
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 38
Thermal Design, continued
Package type
SOT SO -
PLCC-
LLCC-
DIP -
23
89
8
16,16L
28
20
44
84
20
44
84
8
16
28
64
RJC
50 - 300
30 - 60
30 - 50
25 - 40
15 - 30
25 - 40
15 - 25
10 - 25
15 - 25
10 - 20
10 - 20
30 - 50
30 - 40
15 - 30
15 - 20
RJA
300 - 500
50 - 300
150 - 250
80 - 180
60 - 100
70 - 100
40 - 70
30 - 40
80 - 150
70 - 100
40 - 80
30 - 50
Table 6.8: Typical thermal resistances for various package types [oC/W]
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 39
Thermal Design, continued
Type
FR-4 without Cu
1 Cu conductor layer, 35 µm
2 layers, 35 µm
4 layers, 2 x 35 µm, 2 x 70 µm
Metal base board, 0.5 mm core
Effective thermal conductivity
(W/m °C)
0.2
1.7
3.1
15 - 25
50 - 100
Table 6.9: Typical values for the effective thermal conductivity of different
types of PCBs.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 40
Thermal Design, continued
• Effective Thermal
Conductivity in
PCBs
–Keff = S (kiti) / ttot
• ki = thermal
conductivity layer i
• ti = thickness layer i
• ttot = total thickness
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 41
Thermal Design, continued
• Design of Right Thermal Coefficient of
Expansion (TCE)
– a = S ( ai Ei ti ) / S ( Ei ti )
• ti = thickness of layer i
• ai = TCE material in layer i
• Ei = Elastic modulus of layer i
Parameter
a [ppm/°C]
E [109 N/m2]
K [W/ m x °C]
Copper
16
110
350
Invar
1.7
140
10
Glass/epoxy
12
19
0.2
Table 6.10: Material parameters for calculating TCE and
effective thermal conductivity of metal core boards.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 42
Thermal Design, continued
Fig. 6.24: Cross section and thicknesses for a practical PWB with two Cu/Invar/Cu
cores. The thicknesses were designed to get an over-all TCE of 7.5 [ppm/°C • m]
The achieved value was measured to be 9.3 [ppm/°C • m] Calculated effective
thermal conductivity in the x - y directions was 21 [W/ °C • m]
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 43
Thermal Design, continued
Fig. 6.25: a): Pin-grid package with cooling fins.
b): Measured thermal resistance in the component with forced air
cooling.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 44
Thermal Design, continued
Fig. 6.26: LLCC package with thermal solder lands and thermal vias
connected to a metal core in the PCB.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 45
Thermal Design, continued
• Improved Cooling
–Thermal vias
–Cooling fins
–Fan
–Thermally conducting gas: helium,
fluorocarbon
–Liquid: water, fluorocarbon, oil
–Boiling liquid
–Heat pipe
–Impingement cooling
–Microbellows
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 46
Thermal Design, continued
Fig. 6.27:
a): Forced air convection
in a channel between
two PCBs (Texas
Instruments)
b): water-cooled heat
exchanger for edge
cooling of PCBs and
temperature distribution
(qualitative).
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 47
Thermal Design, continued
Fig. 6.28:
Heat convection
coefficient in
different cooling
media for natural
convection, forced
convection and
boiling
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 48
Thermal Design, continued
Fig. 6.29: "Microbellows cooling": A jet of water or other cooling
liquid impinges on the backside of the chip. The bellow structure is
necessary to accommodate thermal expansion
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 49
Thermal Design, continued
Fig. 6.30: Cooling by forcing liquid through microscopic, etched channels in the
semiconductor chip [6.32]. The channels are approximately 400 µm deep and 100
µm wide.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 50
Thermal Simulation
Fig. 6.31: Bar diagram for calculated temperatures on each
component chip by the thermal simulation program TMOD.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 51
High Frequency Design
• When needed?
–tr < 2.5 tf
–tr = 10 - 90 % rise time
–tf = l/v
• tr is 10-90% rise time
• tf is time-of-flight-delay over the length l of critical
conductor paths of the circuit
• v is propagation speed: v = c/er
– c speed of light
– er effective relative dielectric constant
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 52
High Frequency Design
Fig. 6.32: Distributed parameters in a model of a loss free
transmission line. C and L are capacitance and inductance per m
length.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 53
High Frequency Design
Fig. 6.33: The analogous lossy line contains a conductor series
resistance R and dielectric loss conductance G, both per m length.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 54
High Frequency Design
Dielectric
Polyimide
Silicon dioxide
Epoxy glass (PC board)
Alumina (ceramic)
Relative dielectric
Constant (er)
2,5 - 3,5
3,9
5,0
9,5
Propagation
Speed (v) (cm/ns)
16 - 19
15
13
10
Table 6.11: Signal propagation speed in different media.
v = c0/(er) = 30 (cm/ns)/er
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 55
High Frequency Design, cont
• Characteristic Impedance
–V = Zo·I
• Zo characteristic impedance :
–
–
–
–
–
–
Zo = ((R + jwL)/(G + jwC))1/2
w = angular frequency
R = resistance per unit length
L = inductance per unit length
C = capacitance per unit length
G = loss conductance per unit length
• In loss free medium:
– Zo = (L/C)
• Reflection coefficient:
– R = (Z1 - Z2)/(Z1 + Z2)
• Z1 and Z2 : characteristic impedances of media 1 and 2
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 56
High Frequency Design,
continued
Fig. 6.34:
Distorted signal as a
function of time when the
transmitter has 78 ohms
impedance and the
receiver has different
impedances as indicated.
If the receiver also has 78
ohms impedance the
signal at the receiver is a
time delayed replica of the
transmitted signal.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 57
High Frequency Design,
continued
Fig. 6.35: Geometries for obtaining a controlled characteristic
impedance.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 58
High Frequency Design,
continued
Fig. 6.36: Expressions for
characteristic impedance, Zo,
signal propagation speed, TPD,
capacitance per unit length,
Co, and crosstalk, XTalk, in
different geometries:
a) coaxial,
b) microstrip
c) stripline.
The expression for coaxial
geometry is exact, the others
are approximate and valid
only in certain parameter
ranges.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 59
High Frequency Design,
continued
Fig. 6.37: Dependence of the
characteristic impedance on
geometric dimensions, for:
a) Stripline
b) Microstrip. w is the signal
conductor width, S is the
distance between ground
planes for stripline, and H the
distance between signal
conductor and ground plane
for microstrip (please refer to
Figure 6.35). Curves are
shown for different signal
conductor thicknesses, t.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
a
b
Slide 60
High Frequency Design,
continued
Fig. 6.38: Cross talk: A signal from A to C is transmitted to the B - D
line and gives noise in B (backward or near end cross talk) and in D
(forward or far end cross talk).
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 61
High Frequency Design,
continued
Fig. 6.39: Backward cross talk as a function of conductor separation in stripline
geometry in different dielectrics. The effect increases with increasing er and
decreases with increasing conductor separation.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 62
Attenuation
•Vb = Va exp(-al)
– a: Attenuation coefficient
• a = (ar, as ) + ad
ar dominates at low frequencies
as at high frequencies (GHz)
ar = R / (2Zo)
as = (p mr mo f r)1/2 / (w Zo) for skin depth ds = (r / p f mr mo)1/2
<< t
– ad = [p (eoe)1/2 f tan d]/ c
–
–
–
–
• R = ohmic resistance per unit length
• r = electrical DC resistivity in the conductor
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• t = conductor thickness
• tan d = dielectric loss tangent
• w =conductor width
• f = frequency
Pack….. Chapter
6: Printed Circuit Board Design
• m = mrElectronic
mo = magnetic
permeability
Slide 63
Attenuation, continued
• Fig. 6.40: High frequency skin depth for copper, and conductor resistance due to
skin effect, relative to the DC resistance. The resistance has increased by approx.
a factor 2 when the skin depth d is one half of the conductor thickness t.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 64
Attenuation, continued
Fig. 6.41: Conductor- and dielectric losses as functions of frequency
for multilayer thin film modules.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 65
Design of Flexible Printed Circuits
Fig. 6.42: Bending of double layer flexible print with different conductor layout.
The Figure shows the number of cycles before failure with 5, 10 and 20 mm
bending radius and 180° angel of bending. (Data: Schoeller Elektronik). If the
copper layer in the bending zone is strained 16 % or more it is likely to fail during
the first cycle.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 66
Design of Flexible Printed
Circuits, continued
a)
c)
b)
Fig. 6.43: a): Solder lands on flexible prints should be rounded in order to reduce
the possibility for failures, b): The contour of the board should be rounded in order
to reduce possibilities for tearing (dimensions in inches). The "rabbit ears" on the
ends of the metal foil is for obtaining better adhesion to the polyimide. c): Plastic
rivets should be used to avoid sharp bends in the interface between the flexible and
the rigid parts of the PCB.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 67
Design of Membrane Switch
Panels
Fig. 6.44: Detail of a membrane switch panel. The tail with interconnections to the
panel is protected with a laminated foil. Light emitting diodes may be attached with
conductive adhesive. Screen printed polymer thick film series resistors may be
used.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 68
Design of Membrane Switch
Panels
Fig. 6.45: Contact areas
of membrane switch
panel with back lighting
and window. Examples of
lighted text on a dark
background and the
opposite combination. If
a metal dome is used the
information has to be
next to the key and not
underneath it.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 69
System Level Modelling
Fig. 6.46: The SUSPENS
model for the different
levels in an electronic
system. The symbols are
parameters characterising
the system and different
technologies of the
system. They are
quantified and used to
compare or optimise
different possible
versions of the system in
computer calculations.
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 70
End of Chapter 6:
Printed Circuit Board Design
• Important issues:
– When designing PCBs:
• Working with the right people including marketing and
production people
• Working with the best tools
– Use good Design Guidelines and do not violate
Design Parameters
• Robust design to allow for process variations
– Use solder land dimension templates
• Design for test
• Specific design methods for applications with specific
requirements
– High speed, high power etc.
• Questions and discussions?
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Electronic Pack….. Chapter 6: Printed Circuit Board Design
Slide 71