Goal
#1:
Cell
Theory
Anton Van
Leeuwenhoek
• Dutch fabric
merchant.
• Amateur
Scientist.
• Made the first
microscope.
Leeuwenhoek
looked at:
Blood
Pond Water
Plaque
Results:
He discovered microorganisms
He was the first person to see a living cell
Before the microscope
people believed diseases
were caused by curses or
supernatural spirits.
Robert Hooke
• English
Scientist
• Museum
Caretaker
He looked at:
• Thin slices of cork.
• Results:
• Observed nonliving cells.
• Came up with the name “cells”.
Matthias
Schleiden
German
Botanist
Schleiden
Looked at
Plant Cells &
Parts
Results:
He made the
statement…
“All plants are
made up of cells”.
Memory Trick:
”Matt Shleiden
to a tree!”
Theodor
Schwann
German
Zoologist
Schwann
looked at
animal cells &
parts
Results:
He made the
statement…
“All animals are
made up of cells”.
Memory Trick:
”The Schwann
is an animal!”
Rudolph
Virchow
German
Doctor
What he Looked at:
Used the
microscope to look
at all kinds of cells.
Results:
Stated that all cells
come from other
cells
Cell Theory
1. All living things are made of cells.
2. Cells are the basic (smallest) units
of structure of living things.
3. All cells come from other cells.
Goal #2:
Prokaryotes
pro = before
kary = nut/kernel (nucleus)
ote = type
Two Types of Cells
• Prokaryotic Cells
– Do not contain a
nucleus or any
membrane bound
organelles
• Eukaryotic Cells
– Contain a nucleus
and other
membrane bound
organelles
The first cells…
• Prokaryotic cells are believed to be the first cells
that existed.
• It is believed that this occurred when genetic
material (DNA) became lumped together and
sealed into tiny packages – called cells.
• Later on, prokaryotes would be “swallowed” by
larger cells and would form the nucleus of the
larger cells, known as eukaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells
are 1 to 100
times bigger
than
prokaryotic
cells.
The genetic material (DNA or RNA) floats
around loose in the jelly-like cytoplasm
The cell is held together by the cell
membrane (like a water balloon)
Genetic material
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Ribosomes
ROUND
ROD
SPIRAL
• Prokaryotes are very small
organisms made of 1 prokaryotic
cell.
–Ex) Bacteria
• They are microscopic! (cannot be
seen without the aid of a microscope)
Escheria coli
Food poisoning
Streptoccus
aureus
Strep
Throat
Staphylococcus
aureus
Staph
Infection
Neisseria
meningitidis
Meningitis
Goal #3:
Eukaryotes
eu = true
kary = nut/kernel (nucleus)
ote = type
• Eukaryotic cells
– cells that have
a nucleus and
other membrane
bound
organelles
– Plants
– Animals
– Fungi
– Protists
Eukaryotic cells have…
Organelles
• Structures in eukaryotic cells
that perform certain functions
for the cell
Cell Membrane
• Flexible outer
covering of
the cell.
• Has tiny holes &
gates to control
what goes in or
out of the cell.
• Clear thick,
jelly-like fluid.
• Supports cell’s
organelles
• Fills up the
space between
the cell
membrane and
the nucleus.
• It is constantly
flowing.
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
• Largest organelle
in the cell.
• The control
center of the cell.
• Contains the
directions for
making proteins.
• Contains the
genetic material
Chromatin
• Stringy material
spread throughout
nucleus – uncoiled
chromosomes
• Consists of DNA
bound to protein
• Contains instructions
for making protein
Chromosome
• Wound up
chromatin
structures that
contain DNA
• Only present in
cell during cell
division
Protein Transport Chain
• A cell’s job is to make protein
• That protein is produced in the nucleus
and shipped out to other cells
Nucleolus
• Small round
object found
in the
nucleus
• Place where
ribosomes
are made.
• Small round
structures found
on ER and
scattered
throughout the
cytoplasm
• Place where
protein is made.
Nuclear Envelope
(Membrane)
• Doublemembrane layer
around nucleus
• Contains tiny
pores
• Allows
materials to
move in and out
of the nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Two types:
– Smooth ER (no
proteins on surface)
– Rough ER (proteins
on surface – like
sprinkles!)
• Tunnels in the
cytoplasm.
• The transport
system used to get
protein from one
part of the cell to
another.
Golgi Apparatus
• Smooth, stacklike membranes.
• Protein is sent
here from the ER
and is packaged
for shipment out
of the cell.
Other Organelles
• Much more happens in a cell besides
protein production and transport
• Many other organelles are present and
have their own function within the cell!
Mitochondria
• Bean shaped.
• Has 2
membranes
• Place where
sugar is
broken down.
• Supplies
energy to the
cell.
• The
“powerhouse
” of the cell.
Centrioles
• Tube made of
many smaller
“microtubules”
• Assist during cell
division – only
present during
division
Cilia & Flagella
Cilia
short hairlike
projections
from cell
surface
Cilia & Flagella
Flagella
Long whiplike
projections
Both help
the cell to
move
Lysosomes
• Small round
structures
filled with
enzymes –
found only in
animal cells.
• The “clean up
crew”.
• Dissolves old
cell parts.
Cell Wall
• Rigid,
Strong outer
covering of
a plant cell.
• Helps
protect and
support the
cell.
• Made of
cellulose
(fiber).
Vacuoles
• Liquid Storage
Tanks
• Plants cells have
one large vacuole.
• Animals cells have a
few small vacuoles.
• Holds waste, water,
enzymes.
Chloroplast
• Large green
structures
found only in
plant cells
• Contains
chlorophyll
that captures
sunlight.
• Place where
food is made.
Diversity of Life Overview
This presentation highlights the
specialized organelles that each type of
living thing has in order to survive in
its conditions.
This information can be written anywhere on your note page –
if you cannot fit it in the slide, write in the margins around the
slide!
BACTERIA



Cell Wall – in some – cell membrane in ALL
Pilli – Sex/Communication Organs
Flagella – For Movement


Cilia – for movement and engulfing prey
Flagella – whips for moving themeslves


Many different organelles
Cell wall, but no chloroplasts




Cell Wall – Rigid covering – for protection
Chloroplasts – for absorbing sun
Chlorophyll – makes plant appear green
Vacuole – Stores water – makes plant strong
http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/3dcell.htm

Centrioles – used in cell division
Homework
• Cell Choice #2
P
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Monday September 27th
1.What type of
eukaryotic cell
is shown?
2.What are the
things inside of
the cell called?
3.What is the
function of the
nucleus?
Goal #4:
Focus
magnification
on a
specimen
using a
microscope
Parts of Microscope
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4584444570497215104&ei=M3zSOCPKofA-wHW4WKBA&q=microscope&hl=en
Parts of Microscope
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4584444570497215104&ei=M3zSOCPKofA-wHW4WKBA&q=microscope&hl=en
Pond Water
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4573224209896349246&hl=en
Key Terms
Specimen – the object that you
are looking at
Clean slide – a glass slide that
does not have a specimen on it
Field of View – the area that you
see when looking through the
microscope
Things You Never Do
Touch the lenses
Place slide on table
Place scope towards edge of
table
Turn large knob when using the
high power
Touch the specimen on a slide
Things You Always Do
Carry scope with two hands
Use lens paper to clean lens
Keep slides in slide box
Turn small knob when using high
power
How to Focus
1.
2.
3.
4.
With low power
Turn large knob to focus
Turn diaphragm to adjust light
Slowly turn to medium/high
power
5. Focus by turning small knob
ONLY
Magnification
Ocular lens
X
Objective lens = Total magnification
Low Power
_____
Medium Power _____
High Power
_____
x
x
x
_____
_____
_____
= ______
= ______
= ______
Making a Wet Mount Slide
1. Place 1 drop of water on glass
slide using pipet.
2. Place specimen on glass slide.
3. Place cover slip on specimen.
(Do not push down on cover slip!)
How to Store a Microscope
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Turn off light
Turn to low-power objective
Lower stage
Remove slide
Cover the microscope
Goal #5
Cell Membrane
I. The Plasma Membrane Function
(Cell Membrane)
Selectively permeable
•Permeable – things
can go in and out
•Selective – some
things can, some
can’t
Provides
•Protection
•support
What is the plasma membrane’s
job?
• To allow nutrients to come into
the cell when amounts become
low.
• To remove excess nutrients when
levels get too high.
• To allow waste products to leave
the cell.
The Fluid Mosaic Model
• Fluid – phospholipids and proteins
are always moving
• Mosaic – the proteins are
scattered with no pattern
Phospholipid bilayer:
2 layers of phospholipids
arranged back-to-back
Phospholipid
Cholesterol –
prevents fatty
acids chains
from sticking
together
Protein Function
Passageways for
molecules to
pass through
using
transport
proteins
Communication
with other cells
using
carbohydrates
2 types of Proteins
• Channel – small
molecules (ions)
diffuse (pass
through)
• Carrier – binds
specific molecule
and changes
shape to allow
molecule through