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Biology Study Guide- Exam 2
1.) Why does a cell spend most of its life in interphase? What are the stages of interphase?
2.) What is the purpose of the G1 and G2 checkpoints, be specific, what are they checking for?
3.) Diagram and explain the process of S-Phase, why is this widely considered the most important
step of Interphase?
4.) What happens in the cell during the stages of Mitosis (PMAT), explain why each of the stages
are important.
5.) What is a chromatid, how is it similar and different than a chromosome?
6.) List as many ways in which mitosis and meiosis are similar and as well how they are different.
7.) What is crossing over? When is it done in Meiosis? And why is crossing over essential to our
survival?
8.) What is a chiasma point? Why is this not considered a translocation mutation?
9.) Why must the sperm and egg only have 23 chromosomes, how does that fact help explain why
Meiosis has to do PMAT twice?
10.) Why can’t crossing over occur in Prophase 2? What happened if it did?
11.) Why does Meiosis not do interphase again after the first PMAT?
12.) What is the overall reaction for photosynthesis? Explain where each of the reactant and
products are used and where they go/come from.
13.) Explain the series of events in photosystem II and I. What are the goals of these photosystems
(what the main products?).
14.) What are the inputs and outputs of the Calvin cycle? Why doesn’t this require light energy?
15.) What are chloroplast, thylakoids and chlorophyll and how do they related to one another?
16.) What is the overall reaction for cellular respiration? Where in the cell do the steps of the
process take place?
17.) Explain why the equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposites of one
another. What does this imply about the relationship between plant and animals?
18.) Explain the stages of cellular respiration, paying particular attention to the major input and
outputs of each step.
19.) How much ATP is created from one round of cellular respiration? Why is that substantial given
what the process started with?
20.) Explain the structural features of the mitochondria, why does it make such a great place for
doing cellular respiration?
21.) Create and solve your own DNA sequence examples of the 4 different types of mutations
covered in class (duplication, deletion, translocation, inversion), be sure to explain each
mutation.
22.) Create and solve 5 balancing equation problems of your own creation. These do not have to be
realistic reactions, I expect there to be at least 2 reactants and products for each and 2 of the
problems must include parenthesis.
23.) In what ways are mutations good and bad? Which of the mutations covered in class are more or
less harmful to cells? Explain why that is.
24.) Give your best guess and rationale as to who you think “The Killer,” is. Support with evidence.