o Natural Selection: the development of adaptation o Survival of the most well-adapted o Structural, physiological and behavioural

o Evolution of diverse patterns of behaviour o Behavioural process between 2 sexually mature individual o Dominant males pass on genes o Only those that survive can reproduce

Flowers o Attract animals to the flower to facilitate pollination o Evolution of the seed – protection and contained in fruit to facilitate dispersal
Other strategies: o Internal & External fertilisation o Seasonal breeding o Asexual reproduction & parthenogenesis

Reproductive strategy
Internal fertilisation
External fertilisation
Asexual reproduction:
Seasonal breeding:
Parthenogenesis :
Resources to get started
Google search: ‘boundless biology internal fertilisation’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VjK5hEFNDeE
Google search: ‘boundless biology external fertilisation’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VjK5hEFNDeE http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss6/asexual.html
Google search: Seasonal breeding in sheep http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c10/e5-15-20-03.pdf
Video: Amazing Aphids BBC worldwide https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7eRGHVx3p0
Biology -Parthenogenesis The Basics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXN3X0g-oW8

Asexual reproduction
No genetic variation
Simple, easy, (rapid) and no need to find a mate
Little energy required
Good strategy when environmental conditions are favourable
Sexual Reproduction
Random gamete formation and combination allows for genetic variation
Must find a suitable partner – time and effort
(courtship)
More energy required to produce gametes, and find a mate
Good strategy when environmental conditions are variable

Internal fertilisation
Increased chance of have contact between egg and sperm
More efficient
Less offspring produced
Require specialised male organ
Embryo protected
External fertilisation
Many eggs produced
A lot of wasted energy producing many gametes
May not be fertilised
Vulnerable to the environment and predators

Indirect development – The young produced are different from the adult form, know as a larval form
 The Larvae then undergo Metamorphosis into the adult form
Direct development – The embryo/offspring are born in a similar version of its adult form e.g. Humans, snakes, birds
Marsupials
Placental mammals

o A biological process by which an animal physically develops after birth or hatching o Tadpoles → Frogs/toads o Caterpillar → Butterfly o Mosquito larvae → Adult mosquito
The larval form generally has different requirements

Summarise the butterfly life cycle
Answer the following in your book: o What are the two developmental forms of the butterfly? o What is the advantage of the butterfly having two developmental forms?

o Birds, reptiles and Monotremes
(Platypus and Echidna) o Hard protective shell o The shell allows diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide o The yolk provides nutrients for the embryo o More developed young hatch from the egg

o Very short gestation (several days) o Offspring are born at a very immature stage of development.
o Immediately after giving birth and having a young in the pouch, a female kangaroo conceives again
Summarise the development of the grey kangaroo o What is unique about marsupial reproduction? o Why is it beneficial in the Australian environment

o Offspring gestate in the womb and become fully developed o Nutrients provided by a placenta
Watch: Placental mammals o What are two advantages of placental mammal reproduction?

Different animal species vary in the energy they put into the care of their eggs or their young.
o Most reef fish, all turtles, most frogs and toads have no-parental care of their eggs or young after laying o All mammals and most birds give great care and protection to their young and eggs.
Examples: Orang-utan , Lions and fish protecting their young o More parental care leads to the increased survival of the offspring o There is a contrast between species: high parental care vs no parental care o Number of offspring produced o Reproductive effort