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Phases & Behavior
of Matter
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Phases and Behavior of Matter Goals
1. Compare and contrast the
atomic/molecular motion of solids, liquids,
gases & plasmas.
2. Explain the flow of energy in phase
changes through the use of a phase
diagram.
3. Relate temperature, pressure, and
volume of gases to the behavior of gases.
Solid
Liquid
Gas
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Review
• Everything in the universe is
either matter or energy.
• Physical Science is the study
of matter and energy.
• Matter is anything that has
mass and takes up space.
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Kinetic Theory of Matter
1) All matter is composed of small particles (atoms).
2) These particles are in constant motion.
3) These particles are colliding with each other and
the walls of their container.
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Kinetic Energy
• Kinetic Energy is the energy of motion.
• Temperature is the measurement of the KE in an
object.
• So, the more KE the higher the temp.
• As the particles in an object gain KE, the
temperature goes up.
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Solids
• Particles are closely packed
together.
• Most are geometric.
• There are bonds between
atoms/mol.
• Rigid shapes.
• Definite shape.
• Definite volume.
Clip
Amorphous Solids
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Liquids
• Particles in a liquid have more KE than
particles in a solid.
• Liquid particles have enough KE to overcome
the forces that hold them together.
• The particles can now move past one another.
(flow)
• Definite volume
• No Definite shape.
Viscosity
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Gases
• Gas particles have
more KE than liquid
particles.
• They have enough
energy to break all
bonds and escape the
liquid state.
• No definite Shape
• No definite Volume.
Gases fill their
container.
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Gases are compressible
10.1
o Most common state
of matter in the
universe
o Extremely high
temperatures.
o Contains positively
and negatively
charged particles
Plasma
Clip
Artificially produced plasmas
Terrestrial plasmas
•Those found in plasma
displays, including TVs
•Lightning
•Inside fluorescent lamps (low
energy lighting), neon signs
•The ionosphere
•The electric arc in an arc lamp,
an arc welder or plasma torch
•Plasma ball (sometimes called a
plasma sphere or plasma globe)
•The polar aurorae
10.2
o Force produced by high
energy collisions strips
electrons from atoms.
o Sun, lighting bolts, neon and
fluorescent tubes, auroras.
ReviewClip
10.3
• PHET Phases of matter simulation
• STOP HERE>>>>>>
• REVIEW
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Changing State
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Boiling vs. Evaporation
Boiling is
The vaporization of a liquid
at its boiling point.
Evaporation is
The vaporization of a liquid
below its boiling point. This
occurs at the surface of the
liquid.
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Sublimation
• Some substances go from the solid state directly
to the gaseous state. This happens when a
substance was below it freezing point and is
suddenly moved to a location where it is above
its boiling point
• EX: CO2
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•It takes energy to cause phase changes( soild-liq-gas)
•Removal of energy (gas-liq-solid)
Phase changes do not change the
substance
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The amount of
energy required for a
substance to go from
a solid to a liquid is
called the
HEAT OF FUSION.
• (EX) it takes 334,000
Joules of energy to
melt 1 kg of ice. No
temperature change.
0°C
0°C
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• The amount of energy
required to change a
liquid to a gas is
called the
…Heat of Vaporization
• EX: It takes 2,260,000
Joules of energy to
vaporize 1 kg of water.
100 °C
100 °C
18.1
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Energy
• The triple point
of a substance
is the temp. and
pressure at
which the three
phases of that
substance
coexist
• Phase
depends
not only
on temp.
18.2
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When heat is added to most materials they expand
Thermal Expansion
• When objects are heated,
they expand.
• When they are cooled, they
contract.
• Video Clip
Thermal Expansion
Typical expansion
joints on a steel
span bridge.
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Thermometers
• Work because of
thermal expansion.
• Because mercury
expands and
contracts uniformly,
it was used in
thermometers.
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Force (N)
Pressure (Pa)= Area (M2)
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Gases exert
pressure on their
container
24•
Pressure: The amt of force
exerted per unit of area.
• Gases exert pressure by
colliding with “things.”
1.Other particles of gas
2.Sides of the container
3.Objects within the area of the
gas, like you.
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• Formula For Figuring
Out Pressure:
• P = F/A
• The Pascal (Pa) is
the SI unit of
pressure
Clip
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Boyle’s and Charles’ law
• Both deal with gases.
• Boyle’s Law
– As the volume
decreases, the
pressure increases.
• Charles’ Law
– As the temperature
decrease, the volume
of a gas decreases.
Boyle’s Law
• Relationship between volume
and pressure.
You tube
Clip
P1V1 = P2V2
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Boyle’s Law
P1V 1 = P 2V 2
If you
decrease
the
volume,
the
pressure
will
increase
( no Δt)
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P1 V1 = P2 V2
Boyle’s Law
A volume of helium occupies 11.0 L at 98.0
kPa. What is the new volume if the pressure
drops to 86.2 kPa?
P1 V1 = P2 V2
(98.O kPa) (11.0 L) = (86.2 kPa) (V2)
(98.O kPa) (11.0 L) = (V2)
(86.2 kPa)
(V2)=12.5 L
P 1 V1 = P 2 V2
• A sample of helium gas at 25°C is
compressed from 200 cm3 to 0.240
cm3. Its pressure is now 3.00 cm Hg.
What was the original pressure of the
helium?
– P1 = 3.60 x 10-3 cm Hg
Charles’ Law
• Relationship between volume and
temperature.
In theory there is a
temperature in which gases
ceases to have volume.
This temp. is referred to
as absolute zero.
Absolute Temp. Scale
T (K) = °C + 273.15 K
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Charles’ Law
If you increase the temperature,
the volume will increase
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Charles’ Law
• V1/T1 = V2/T2
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Charles’ Law
34.1
Charles’ Law
What would be the resulting volume of a 2.0 L
balloon at 25.0˚C that was placed in a container
of ice water at 3.0˚C?
V 1 = V2
T1 T2
2.0 L
25.0˚C
=
.
V2
3.0˚C
V2 = 0.24 L
0.40 L of a gas is collected at
50.0°C. What will be its volume
upon cooling to 25.0°C?
0.2 L
34.2
• PHET Phases of matter simulation
34.3
EOCT Practice Question:
A
B
C
D
34.4
EOCT Practice Question:
A
B
C
D
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Greek Mathematician
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• Born: 287 BC in Syracuse, Sicily
Died: 212 BC in Syracuse, Sicily
• “There are things
which seem
incredible to most
men who have not
studied mathematics.”
• “Eureka, Eureka.
I have found [it].”
• Despite his mathematical prowess, Archimedes is perhaps best
remembered for an incident involving the crown of King Hiero.
• As the story goes, the king of Syracuse had given a craftsman a
certain amount of gold to be made into an exquisite crown. When
the project was completed, a rumor surfaced that the craftsman
had substituted a quantity of silver for an equivalent amount of
gold, thereby devaluing the crown and defrauding the king.
Archimedes was tasked with determining if the crown was pure
gold or not. The Roman architect Vitruvious relates the story:
• While Archimedes was considering the matter, he happened to go
to the baths. When he went down into the bathing pool he
observed that the amount of water which flowed outside the pool
was equal to the amount of his body that was immersed. Since
this fact indicated the method of explaining the case, he did not
linger, but moved with delight, he leapt out of the pool, and going
home naked, cried aloud that he had found exactly what he was
seeking. For as he ran he shouted in Greek: Eureka! Eureka!
(eureka translated is "I have found it").
• Although there is speculation as to the authenticity of this story,
it remains famous. Probably no other tale in all of science
combines the elements of brilliance and bareness quite so
effectively. Whether the story is true or not, there is no doubt
to the truth of Archimedes understanding of buoyancy.
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Here is what Archimedes had found. Since an
object immersed in a fluid displaces the same
volume of fluid as the volume of the object, it was
possible to determine the precise volume of the
crown by immersing it in water. After determining
the volume of water, a piece of pure gold could
easily be made to match the volume of the water,
and thus the volume of the crown. In theory, if the
volume of the crown and the volume of the gold
block are the same, they should also have the
same mass. The only reason they would not
have the same mass is if one of them was not
pure gold. When the two objects were placed in a
balance they did not have equal mass. Faced
with this evidence the craftsman confessed to his
crime.
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• Why is it
easier to lift
something
heavy when it's
underwater?
• Buoyancy!
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•Buoyancy is an
upward force exerted
by a fluid on an
object that is
submerged in that
fluid.
Eureka: Buoyancy
Archimedes’ Principle
• Deals with fluids
and buoyancy.
• What is a fluid?
• Any substance that
can flow.
• Buoyancy is an upward
force exerted by a fluid
on on object that is
submerged in that fluid.
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Archimedes’ Principle
• Archimedes Principle states that the
buoyant force on a submerged object
is equal to the weight of the fluid
that is displaced by the object.
•What does that
mean?
Describes how ships
float.
The more water you
displace, the more
upward force.
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• Pressure: The amt of force
exerted per unit of area.
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Blaise Pascal
• Mathematician, physicist,
and theologian.
• Pascal's work in the
fields of the study of
hydrodynamics and
hydrostatics centered on
the principles of
hydraulic fluids.
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Pascal’s Principle
• Pressure applied to a fluid
is transmitted unchanged
throughout the fluid.
• Toothpaste
• Hydraulic Jacks
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P1 = P 2
F1A2 =F2A1
P1 = P2
Pascal’s Principle
• How much force will the
piston apply to lift the
monkey?
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Daniel Bernoulli
• Dutch-born mathematician.
• His most important work considered
the basic properties of fluid flow,
pressure, density and velocity, and
gave the Bernoulli principle.
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• As the velocity of a fluid
increases, the pressure
exerted by that fluid
decreases.
• A plane's wing is curved so
that the air going the
greater distance over the
top of the wing moves
faster,
• Reducing pressure from
above,allowing the lift from
below to raise the plane up
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Th
e
En
d
Amorphous Solids
“without form”
• Lack highly
ordered
arrangement
• Melt over a
temperature
range
• Glass & Plastic
• Some scientist
classify them
as “thick
liquids”
•Crystalline solids
are arranged in
fixed geometric
patterns or lattices.
•Amorphous solids are solids with
random unoriented molecules
Go Back to solids
Viscosity
• Resistance to flow