Introduction to Health Careers
Clay Day Notes
Build the Digestive System
Part of Digestive
Function
System
Digestive Tract
Break down and absorption of nutrients
needed for the body to survive.
Mouth
The mouth secretes enzymes that break
down food so they can flow to the
esophagus.
Esophagus
Food goes through a person's throat (AKA:
esophagus) to deliver food into the stomach.
Introduction to Health Careers~Delaine A. Stendahl
Facts and Reminders
Digestive tract is a series of
__________________ organs joined in a long,
_______________ tube from the mouth to the
anus—and other organs that help the
body break down and absorb food (see
figure).
Before you even take a bite, your nose
________________it and signals the
_____________________, which sends
word to the ___________________
controlling your mouth's salivary (spit)
glands. Once the glands have their cue,
they get busy secreting juices, making
your mouth water. When you bite into the
sandwich, the salivary glands get even
more excited and secrete more saliva,
making the ________________moister and
easier to swallow.
This region prevents the highly acidic
stomach "________________" from
flowing backward. People who have
damage to this portion of the esophagus
often suffer from acid ______________.
Symptoms can include a severe burning
sensation in both the chest and stomach
that can be ______________________.
Esophagus is made up of stratified
squamous cells, which are right before the
_________________ ____________________ muscle.
As the esophagus meets the stomach, the
cells become stratified columnar, which is
not _____________ ____________ ________________
cell tissue
Chronic acid reflux is a pH of _________.
__________________ will wear down the
muscle cells and change them to stratified
squamous which can cause cancer during
Name________________________________
Score_____/63
Steps for Construction
Create a long worm out of white
clay about ¼ inch in diameter. Lead
the worm from the mouth to the
liver as shown above. We will do a
‘fake and break’ technique and
reconnect at the stomach.
Introduction to Health Careers
Clay Day Notes
Part of Digestive
System
Function
Facts and Reminders
Steps for Construction
the process of cell change over. Goes
________________ to Cancer.
Fat People: Acid reflux happens when the
________________ of the stomach puts
pressure when laying down.
Aortic rise sits between the esophagus and
heart and can suffer from erosion from
chronic drinking. If so, it is ________________
immediately.
Stomach
Produces chime by pushing and churning
the contents of the stomach with the gastric
juices like a blender to make the food into a
usable form.
Introduction to Health Careers~Delaine A. Stendahl
_____________________________ a house is
important because chemical burns in the
throat cause scar tissue that makes for
problems swallowing their
___________________ life.
The stomach is lined with thick
_____________ to prevent the stomach muscle
from being broken down by the
hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
Hydrochloric acid is very ________________
which means it ______________. Stomach
acids vary in acidity from 1-3 on the pH
scale.
If you want to lose weight, you need to eat
a little less each meal and soon your brain
tells your body you are full with less food;
the opposite is also true.
The stomach does not absorb nutrients.
There are 3 things it can absorb___________________ , ______________,
________________.
The stomach has three layers of muscle,
which are used to churn the contents into
chime. After churning, it reorganizes the
contents into the nutrients as follows.
These are listed in the order they enter the
next part of the digestive system…
We will create two stomachs, one to
use as a model and one to put on
your clay person. Take a peanut
m&m size of white clay and make a
double pointed tear drop. Angle the
drops to make an S shape off of the
main part of the stomach. Place one
stomach on the left side of the lungs
and attach a small piece of
esophagus to the top portion of the
stomach.
Take the second stomach and cut it
in half lengthwise. Using the lead of
a pencil, make three impressions
representing the different nutrient
sectioning of the digestion process.
Line with green clay representing
mucus that lines the stomach. Skip
to the pancreas construction at this
point.
Introduction to Health Careers
Clay Day Notes
Part of Digestive
System
Liver
Function
The liver has four main functions.
1. To Make Bile: bile metabolizes
everything-bilirubin, cholesterol,
and salt.
2. To Store Nutrients: Serve as a
‘grocery store’ to store everything
absorbed from the stomach and the
intestines.
3. To Detoxify: the liver removes
anything that is dangerous from the
blood stream; taking it out of
circulation in the body.
4. Clotting Factors: Liver will help the
blood to clot.
Introduction to Health Careers~Delaine A. Stendahl
Facts and Reminders
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats…remember
____ +_____=_____! Notice that the first food
to be digested and enter the blood stream
burns the fastest…only 4 calories! That is
why sugars give you quick energy but you
get hungry again quickly if you do not eat
a _______________ meal. A balanced meal
provides energy needed at a constant
__________.
Throw up is reverse peristalsis. After
churning, the stomach reorganizes its
contents.
The liver is a large (largest internal
organ), meaty organ that sits on the right
side of the belly. Weighing about ____
pounds, the liver is reddish-brown in color
and feels _______________ to the touch.
Normally you can't feel the liver, because
it's protected by the _______ cage.
The liver has two large sections, called the
right and the left __________. The gallbladder
sits under the liver, along with parts of the
pancreas and intestines. The liver and
these organs work together to digest,
absorb, and process food.
You need____% of your liver to maintain
quality of life.
Heard of babies having jaundice? They
appear _________________ because the liver is
not processing _____________________. The
liver is not working efficiently at this point
as it breaks up old red blood cells in the
baby’s body. Sometimes babies are put
under certain ______________ but putting
them in ___________________ also helps to
break down the bilirubin for the body to
break it down easier.
Morning sickness is related to
_________________ levels that are changing.
Steps for Construction
Using a peanut M&M size ball of
terra cotta clay, make a tongue by
creating a short tube and flattening
by rolling once.
Mark with diagonal lines like
searing a steak on the grill. Cut into
a teardrop.
Using the point of your pen or
pencil, make an indenture, which
will be the hole for the gall bladder.
Your indenture will be in the
location indicted by the diagram to
the left. This hole will be the duct
that leads to the gallbladder. The
two sections of the liver are
connected with the falciform
ligament. Notice we have built only
the right lobe at this point.
Second lobe (left lobe): Make
another small tube with your
remaining terra cotta clay and roll
to make a tongue. Cut a triangular
piece like the diagram and make the
diagonal lines again like the right
lobe. Put them side-by-side.
Introduction to Health Careers
Clay Day Notes
Part of Digestive
System
Bile
Function
Breaks up, dissolves, and digests fats.
Introduction to Health Careers~Delaine A. Stendahl
Facts and Reminders
Steps for Construction
Think of the liver as the back of the store.
It has stockers who restock the shelves.
The trucks are the Hepatic portal or the
brain and released as needed.
When people take ________________________,
the meds go through the blood stream to
the liver. The liver will sometimes store
them and end their effectiveness and then
you would need to take them more than
____________a day. Some drugs must go
through the liver to become ______________.
Chugging! Alcohol goes straight to the
brain ________! NOT GOOD. This will stop
what is called the ________ trigger, which is
vomiting. VOMITING IS SURVIVAL. The
person MAY NOT LIVE! We _________ do
ANYTHING about alcohol poisoning. First
affects motor, then _______, then sensory
systems by slowing them down. If the
liver gets continual alcohol it will look like
a Nestles __________ bar-good as candy, not
as liver! This is called cirrhosis of the
liver.
Alcohol changes to be less toxic in the liver
but still is toxic to the _______. Ethyl alcohol
is very dangerous. Too much alcohol
causes the brain stem to become
__________________ and limits _______ to the
brain and leads to alcohol poisoning. It is
like a windshield wiper. It sweeps from
the __________ of the brain to the back.
Alcoholics will __________ and bruise a lot.
This is due to lack of Vitamin ____.
Marijuana is a CTC and nausea depressant.
Liver and lungs often acquire ___________
because their job is to capture toxins with
the use of extra enzymes.
Stored in the gallbladder. Secreted when
food is eaten and used in
Bile is stored in the gallbladder so
we do not construct anything here.
Introduction to Health Careers
Clay Day Notes
Part of Digestive
System
Function
Gallbladder
In response to signals, the gallbladder
squeezes stored bile into the small intestine
through a series of tubes called ducts. Bile
helps digest fats, but the gallbladder itself is
not essential. Removing the gallbladder in
an otherwise healthy individual typically
causes no observable problems with health
or digestion yet there may be a small risk of
diarrhea and fat malabsorption.
Pancreas-a cuboidal
exocrine gland
Exocrine Function: The pancreas contains
exocrine glands that produce enzymes
important to digestion. When food enters
the stomach, these pancreatic juices are
released into a system of ducts that
culminate in the main pancreatic duct. The
pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct
to form the ampulla of Vater, which is
located at the first portion of the small
intestine, called the duodenum. The
common bile duct originates in the liver and
the gallbladder and produces another
important digestive juice called bile. The
pancreatic juices and bile that are released
into the duodenum, help the body to digest
fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.
Endocrine Function: The endocrine
component of the pancreas consists of islet
cells that create and release important
hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Two of the main pancreatic hormones are
insulin, which acts to lower blood sugar,
and glucagon, which acts to raise blood
Introduction to Health Careers~Delaine A. Stendahl
Facts and Reminders
Steps for Construction
_________________________.
The gallbladder is a small _______________
that sits just under the liver. The
gallbladder stores bile produced by the
liver. After meals, the gallbladder is
___________ and flat, like a deflated balloon.
Before a meal, the gallbladder may be full
of bile and about the size of a small
________________.
Using green clay, make a pea-size
ball of clay and take one strand of
green clay from the extruder. The
strands will are the ducts that
transport bile to the liver. Do not
connect the ducts until we have the
pancreas. Set-aside for now.
The pancreas is located behind the
___________________ and is surrounded by
organs including the small intestine, liver,
and spleen. It is about six inches long and
is shaped like a flat pear. The wide part,
called the _________ of the pancreas, is
positioned toward the center of the
abdomen; the middle section is called the
__________ and the body of the pancreas; the
thin end is called the ______________and
extends to the left side. Several major
blood vessels surround the pancreas, the
superior mesenteric artery, the superior
mesenteric vein, the portal vein and the
celiac axis, supplying _____________ to the
pancreas and other abdominal organs.
Proteins level out glucose levels-So PBJ is
better than a _______________! Draw the
illustration given in class in open space on
the sheet. Look at your palm. Two palms
of ________________ to one palm of
__________________.
Using orange clay the size of a small
peanut M&M, create a long teardrop
from a ball of clay. Using netting
from orange bag, give the pancreas
a texture. Shape into a long, thin
teardrop. Position the pancreas
below the liver as in the illustration.
Connect the gallbladder with the
clay ducts attaching one to the
pencil hole you made in the liver.
Attach two more as shown in the
illustration.
Set the liver, gallbladder and
pancreas aside as we will need to
attach the intestines before they are
put on your figure.
Introduction to Health Careers
Clay Day Notes
Part of Digestive
System
Duodenum
Lesser Omentum
Intestines:
Cecum
Rectum
Function
sugar. Maintaining proper blood sugar
levels is crucial to the functioning of key
organs including the brain, liver, and
kidneys.
The duodenum and pyloric opening join the
stomach and the intestines together.
The lesser omentum is the portion of
interior anatomy that holds both the liver
and stomach together.
More than just a reservoir for liquids, the
cecum is responsible for the absorption of
salts and electrolytes into the body from
liquids.
Another important function of the cecum is
to lubricate the solid waste that passes into
the large intestine, mixing this waste with
mucus. A thick mucus membrane lines the
cecum, and produces the mucus necessary
to lubricate the solid waste.
The cecum is also responsible for breaking
down the cellulose fibers from digesting
plant matter.
The rectum (Latin for "straight") is an 8inch chamber that connects the colon to the
Introduction to Health Careers~Delaine A. Stendahl
Facts and Reminders
Steps for Construction
Also known as the small intestine. The
small intestine is about 12-20 feet long
and about 5 times a person’s height. It is
known as the digestive organ. It will take
all the material from the stomach and
send nutrients out into the blood stream.
Think about Quality In and Quality Out.
You are only as healthy as the food you
choose to eat. High Quality food will give
health and longevity! Low Quality food
will keep you ___________ but lessen your
quality of life and longevity. So, choose
your food wisely. MORE ________________ IS
BETTER-antioxidants found in fruits and
vegetables are key to prevention of
cancers.
Use a peanut M&M of clay from the
scrap clays to make a snake about 1
½ inches long. Connect one end to
the stomach on the right side (lower
end.)
We will not construct this.
The cecum or large intestine will pull
________________ out of the waste and back
into the body. If food passes through the
intestines too quickly (diarrhea) it will not
be firm, as the intestine has not had time
to remove the water.
Diarrhea and vomiting are the body’s way
to remove bad things _______________________.
Take a grape size piece of clay
scraps and make another long worm
of clay about ¼ inch in diameter for
the small intestines. Curl up in your
hand, but do not roll. Connect one
end to the duodenum.
Children do not have sphincter control
until about ___________ years old. It is
Angle the other end of the small
intestine toward the anus and thus
Introduction to Health Careers
Clay Day Notes
Part of Digestive
System
Anus
Function
Facts and Reminders
Steps for Construction
anus. It is the rectum's job to receive stool
from the colon, to let you know there is
stool to be evacuated, and to hold the stool
until evacuation happens. When anything
(gas or stool) comes into the rectum,
sensors send a message to the brain. The
brain then decides if the rectal contents can
be released or not. If they can, the
sphincters (muscles) relax and the rectum
contracts, expelling its contents. If the
contents cannot be expelled, the sphincters
contract and the rectum accommodates, so
that the sensation temporarily goes away
______________ to punish young children for
not controlling their stools’ and urine. If
muscle control is not yet developed, they
_________ ‘help it.’ Often ‘potty training’ is a
____________ struggle between child and
adult. Children will at times refuse to be
trained if parents are too controlling. It is
the only thing the parents cannot make a
toddler ‘do’ and so the toddler exercises
his or her power by controlling their
sphincter muscles. If the parent loosens
up, children will chose to comply.
Disposable diapers have __________________
toilet training of children so now they
have created pull-ups where kids FEEL the
wetness and then learn sphincter controlquite a ______________________ strategy!
The anal sphincters provide fine
________________ of stool. The internal
sphincter keeps us from going to the
bathroom when we are __________________, or
otherwise unaware of the presence of
stool. When we get an urge to go to the
bathroom, we rely on our external
sphincter to keep the stool in until we can
get to the toilet.
forming the rectum.
The anus is the last part of the digestive
tract. It consists of the pelvic floor muscles
and the two anal sphincters (internal and
external muscles). The lining of the upper
anus is specialized to detect rectal contents.
It lets us know whether the contents are
liquid, gas, or solid. The pelvic floor muscle
creates an angle between the rectum and
the anus that stops stool from coming out
when it is not supposed to.
The anus is a muscular structure we
will not need to construct.
How The Digestive System Works - Did U Know?
Liver Conditions
Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver, usually caused by viruses like hepatitis A, B, and C. Hepatitis can have non-infectious causes too, including heavy drinking,
drugs, allergic reactions, or obesity.
Cirrhosis: Long-term damage to the liver from any cause can lead to permanent scarring, called cirrhosis. The liver then becomes unable to function well.
Liver cancer: The most common type of liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, almost always occurs after cirrhosis is present.
Liver failure: Liver failure has many causes including infection, genetic diseases, and excessive alcohol.
Ascites: As cirrhosis results, the liver leaks fluid (ascites) into the belly, which becomes distended and heavy.
Gallstones: If a gallstone becomes stuck in the bile duct draining the liver, hepatitis and bile duct infection (cholangitis) can result.
Hemochromatosis: Hemochromatosis allows iron to deposit in the liver, damaging it. The iron also deposits throughout the body, causing multiple other health
problems.
Primary sclerosing cholangitis: A rare disease with unknown causes, primary sclerosing cholangitis causes inflammation and scarring in the bile ducts in the liver.
Primary biliary cirrhosis: In this rare disorder, an unclear process slowly destroys the bile ducts in the liver. Permanent liver scarring (cirrhosis) eventually
develops.
Introduction to Health Careers~Delaine A. Stendahl
Introduction to Health Careers
Clay Day Notes
Problems With and Removal of the Gall Bladder
Sometimes, problems arise with the gall bladder, necessitating treatment or even removal. The gall bladder can become irritated and swell up, develop stones or
have a blockage in the tunnel running from the gall bladder to the intestines. The gall bladder is only removed when there is a chance that it might burst. If
removed, there will no longer be a good flow of bile between the liver and the digestive tract. For this reason, such individuals must be careful about how much fat
they eat, and some might also need to take digestive enzymes and bile supplements as well.
Party Rules:
1. Don’t go iffy or someone will choose for you.
2. Limit-2 drinks - IF you drink at ALL! Drink before the age of 21 and you are 10 times more likely to become an alcoholic. Brain is greatly influenced by alcohol
at an early age!
3. BYO-date rape drugs, demented people
4. Never leave drink unattended
5. Eat foods with fat; alcohol will be absorbed by food, not stomach
6. Never drink punch or eat fruit on the table. It is likely spiked.
7. If someone gives you a drink, dump it-you NEVER know what can be in it!
What are stem cells? How are they regulated?-From FDA
Stem cells are cells that have the ability to divide and develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth. Stem cells may also help repair the
body by dividing to replenish cells that are damaged by disease, injury, or normal wear. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential either to remain a stem
cell or to become another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as a nerve cell, a skin cell, or a red blood cell.
Three types of stem cells have been identified:
1. adult stem cells
2. human embryonic stem cells
3. induced pluripotent stem cells
These three types of stem cells share properties:
They are capable of surviving over long periods and divide to make additional stem cells.
They are unspecialized (“blank slates” that can become specific types of cells).
They can develop into specialized cell types (cells that do specific work in the body).
Adult stem cells can be found throughout the body. They are found as unspecialized cells among the specialized cells in tissues and organs as well as in umbilical cord
blood and peripheral blood (that is, hematopoietic stem cells). An adult stem cell can either divide to make more adult stem cells, or differentiate to produce some or all
of the major specialized cell types of the tissue or organ.
Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) come from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilized in vitro (in a test tube or another artificial environment).
Embryonic stem cells can develop into any specialized cell type in the body.
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) are generated by reprogramming adult cells that have already differentiated into a specific cell, such as a skin cell. After
reprogramming, iPS cells are able to develop into any specialized cell type in the body.
Stem cells, like other medical products that are intended to treat, cure or prevent disease, generally require FDA approval before they can be marketed. At this time,
there are no licensed stem cell treatments.
Source: http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-of-the-liver, www.digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/yrdd/ http://www.ehow.com/howdoes_4565028_the-stomach-work.html, How Does the Gall Bladder Work? | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4672691_gall-bladderwork.html#ixzz2NGTMNDmG
http://www.fda.gov/aboutfda/transparency/basics/ucm194655.htm
Introduction to Health Careers~Delaine A. Stendahl