Section 1
Latin American Peoples
Win Independence
Spurred by discontent and Enlightenment ideas,
peoples in Latin America fight colonial rule.
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Question
If you were the leader of a
newly independent country,
what would be the first
thing you would do? Why?
Unit 6 Key Terms
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peninsulares
creoles
mestizos
mulattos
Toussaint-Louverture
Miguel Hidalgo
José María Morelos
Simón Bolivar
José de San Martin
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Congress of Vienna*
nationalism
Louis-Napoleon*
Camillo di Cavour
Victor Emmanuel
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Wilhelm I
Otto von Bismarck
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realpolitik*
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Ems Telegram*
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Timeline of Independence
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1804
1811
1816
1818
1821
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–
–
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Haiti
Paraguay
Argentina
Chile
– Mexico
– Colombia
– Peru
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1822
1823
1825
1828
1830
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–
–
–
Brazil
Guatemala
Bolivia
Uruguay
– Ecuador
– Venezuela
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1838
– Costa Rica
– Nicaragua
– Honduras
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1840
1844
1902
1903
1962
1966
1975
1981
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
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El Salvador
Dominican Republic
Cuba
Panama
Jamaica
Guyana
Suriname
Belize
Causes of Latin American Independence
 inspiration
from the American and
French Revolutions
 increasing feelings of nationalism
 an abusive social order in Latin
America
A Strict Social Order
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
A Race and Class System
• Latin America has social classes that determine
jobs and authority:
• Peninsulares—born in Spain, they head colonial
government, society
• Creoles—American-born Spaniards who can
become army officers
• Mestizos have both European and Indian ancestry
• Mulattos—Have both European and African
ancestry
• Slaves, Indians are at the bottom of society
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Haiti: The Model for Revolution
model for revolution took place in Santo
Domingo (Haiti) on the island of Hispaniola
 the colony belonged to France
 nearly all its inhabitants were slaves
 rebellion led by Toussaint-L’Ouverture began
in 1791 with 100,000 slaves
 by 1801, he had taken control of the colony
and freed all enslaved Africans
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Haiti: The Model for Revolution
in 1802, France sent troops to deal with the
situation
 L’Ouverture was captured and sent to France
where he died in a French prison in 1803
 the French could not stop the rebellion and in
1804, Haiti declared its independence, the
only successful slave revolt in history
 this was the first colony south of the United
States to win independence as well
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Revolution in Mexico
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in Mexico, the revolt was led by two Catholic
priests
– Miguel Hidalgo – called for peasant revolt
– José María Morelos – skilled military leader
the revolt began in 1810 – mestizos and
Native Americans threatened the power of the
peninsulares and the creoles
 both leaders were captured – Hidalgo in 1811
and Morelos in 1815
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Revolution in Mexico
Mexican independence was finally achieved in
1821
 this happened because Mexican creoles, who
were afraid to lose their power to the lower
classes, declared independence from Spain
 in 1823, the nations of Central America
declared independence from Mexico
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South American Independence
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José de San Martin led revolutions in
– Argentina
– Chile
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Simón Bolivar (also known as Libertador)
– Venezuela
– Colombia (including Panama)
– Ecuador
the two men joined forces in Peru to drive out the
Spanish
 by the end of 1824, nearly all of South America had
successfully revolted and won independence
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Simón Bolivar
known as the “South
American George
Washington” or
“Liberator”
 wanted to unite all of
Spain’s South American
colonies into one country
known as Gran Colombia
 this happened briefly but
political issues separated
the countries into their
own independent states
by 1830
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Challenges for New Nations
wide social divisions
 power in the hands of small groups
 some used military power to govern
 economic pressure from the U.S. and
European countries
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Review Questions
1.
The first Latin American country to gain
independence was ______.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Haiti
Venezuela
Chile
Cuba
2.
The leader of the Independence
movement in Venezuela was ______.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Marquis de Lafayette
Toussaint L’ouverture
Miguel Hidalgo
Simon Bolivar
3.
The people of Haiti gained their
independence in 1804 from ______.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Great Britain
The United States
Germany
France
4.
Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar
brought independence to all of the
following nations except _____.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Brazil
Peru
Colombia
Ecuador
5.
During the 1800s, revolutions changed
governments throughout Latin America.
Which of the following groups governed
Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Latin
America prior to the revolutions of
1800s?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Creoles
Peninsulares
Mestizos
Mulattos
Who Am I?
6.
I led revolts in
Chile and
Argentina. I
eventually
joined with
another
revolutionary to
liberate Peru.
Who Am I?
9.
Some call me the
“South American
George Washington”
or “Liberator.” I led
the countries of
Venezuela, Colombia,
and Ecuador to
freedom. Then I
joined with another
leader to free Peru. I
now have statues all
over South America.
Who Am I?
10. Some
say I started it
all. I was a slave on the
French sugar island
now known as Haiti. It
was called Santo
Domingo. Even though
I was in prison, my
island gained
independence in 1804.
It was the first country
south of the U.S. to
gain independence.
What Every Student Should Know
About Standard 7-3.6 Questions
1.
What three things were accomplished by the
Congress of Vienna?
A. reestablished the balance of power to Europe
B. restore the monarchs removed by Napoleon
C. suppress (stop) the democratic movement encouraged
by the French Revolution
2.
What three ideals fed the nationalist movements
of the 1830s and 1840s?
A. liberty (freedom)
B. equality
C. fraternity (brotherhood)
What Every Student Should Know
About Standard 7-3.6 Questions
3.
What is nationalism?
 the belief that one’s greatest loyalty is to a
shared culture rather than to a leader or a
border
 cultural identity – pride in one’s own country
that is based on shared customs and a common
history (workbook definition)
 nationalism is very closely related to patriotism
What Every Student Should Know
About Standard 7-3.6 Questions
4.
What were the two main aspects of
nationalist movements in the 1800s?
 unification – people with similar cultures from
different places joining together in one new
country (Germany and Italy are examples)
 separation – groups breaking away from a
government to create a new one that better
represents their own interests (Greece is an
example)
What Every Student Should Know
About Standard 7-3.6 Questions
5.
Who led nationalist movements that created
new nation-states (countries)?
 they were led by liberals and radicals
6.
Where did nationalist movements in Europe
begin?
 they began in Greece with their rebellion against
the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1821
 Greece had the support of Britain, France, and
Russia and became an independent country in
1830
What Every Student Should Know
About Standard 7-3.6 Questions
7.
What happened to most nationalist
revolutions by 1849?
 most were suppressed (stopped) by
conservatives by 1849
 the one exception was in France
What Every Student Should Know
About Standard 7-3.6 Questions
8.
Describe what happened to each of the following
leaders in France:
A. Charles X – French king who tried to establish an
absolute monarchy and failed and was replaced with
Louis-Philippe
B. Louis-Philippe – French king who ruled until 1848 before
economic problems caused him to lose favor with the
people and he was overthrown and France became a
republic under the control of moderates
C. Louis Napoleon – at first he was elected as president of
the French republic but soon took advantage of political
problems and declared himself emperor Napoleon III –
he would bring stability and industry to France
What Every Student Should Know
About Standard 7-3.6 Questions
9.
Explain how Count Camillo di Cavour and
Giuseppe Garibaldi united Italy.
 Cavour led the unification of the northern Italian
states
 he was the prime minister of the kingdom of
Piedmont-Sardinia – the largest and most powerful
Italian state
 Piedmont-Sardinia had a liberal constitution that
appealed to many of the middle classes
 many neighboring northern Italian states saw this as
a good thing and unified with Piedmont-Sardinia
 with help from France, Cavour also won northern
Italian territory that was previously held by Austria
What Every Student Should Know
About Standard 7-3.6 Questions
9.
Explain how Count Camillo di Cavour and Giuseppe
Garibaldi united Italy (cont.).
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Garibaldi led unification of the southern Italian states
 Garibaldi was a soldier and leader of a group called the
Red Shirts
 using military force, he captured Sicily in the south
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Cavour convinced Garibaldi to unite the two sections of
Italian states under King Victor Emmanuel II (king of
Piedmont-Sardinia) with Rome as its capital
a short time later, Venetia and the Papal States were
added to Italy as well
What Every Student Should Know
About Standard 7-3.6 Questions
10. Who
was Victor
Emmanuel II?
 king of PiedmontSardinia
 in 1860, he became king
of unified Italy
What Every Student Should Know
About Standard 7-3.6 Questions
11.
Describe the German Confederation.
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12.
39 loosely joined states
Austria and Prussia were the largest and most powerful
Prussia had mainly Germanic population, strong army,
and a liberal constitution which appealed to many
Germans and made unification easier
Prussia’s ruler was Wilhelm I and he had the support of
conservative Prussian nobles called Junkers
Who was Otto von Bismarck?
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Junker from Prussia
prime minister of Prussia under Wilhelm I
he would ultimately take full control of Prussia
What Every Student Should Know
About Standard 7-3.6 Questions
13.
What was Bismarck’s policy of realpolitik?
 “the politics of reality”
 power politics without any notions of a perfect
world – no room for idealism
 speeches decide nothing – only hard work and
real effort (“blood and iron”) got things done
 Bismarck’s efforts to unify Germany was the
idea of realpolitik in action
What Every Student Should Know
About Standard 7-3.6 Questions
14.
Bismarck fought three different wars of
unification, the first being to take land from
Denmark. Describe the role of the following
in making German unification final:
A. Seven Weeks War
 Bismarck purposefully created border conflicts with
Austria in hopes of provoking them to attack Prussia
 in 1866, Prussia defeated Austria, becoming the sole
dominant power in the German Confederation
 German states that had supported Austria now
supported Prussia
 Prussia did not claim Austria
What Every Student Should Know
About Standard 7-3.6 Questions
B. Ems Telegram
 King Wilhelm I of Prussia had a meeting with a French
ambassador
 the French made demands of Prussia under the threat
of war
 he relayed the message from the meeting to Bismarck
 Bismarck changed the wording of the message to make
the French ambassador sound threatening and Wilhelm
uncooperative
 the telegram was released to the press and printed in
the newspapers
 the goal was for the French to see it and be provoked
into fighting with Prussia – it worked
What Every Student Should Know
About Standard 7-3.6 Questions
C. Franco-Prussian War
 Bismarck had hoped France would declare war
following the publication of the Ems Telegram
 Napoleon III declared war on Prussia in July of 1870
 by May of 1871, France was defeated and Napoleon
III was captured
 all the German states rallied behind Prussia and
united to form the German Empire
 Germany took territory from France that would be
disputed for many years
 this upset the balance of power that had returned to
Europe following the Congress of Vienna in 1815