Essential Questions
 Compare revolutions in Latin America and the
Caribbean, including Haiti, Colombia,
Venezuela, Argentina, Chile, and Mexico.
 Describe the impact of technological
inventions, conditions of labor, and the
economic theories of capitalism, liberalism,
socialism, and Marxism during the Industrial
Revolution on the economies, societies, and
politics of Europe.
Peninsulare
Vocab
Creole
Mulatto
Simon Bolivar
Jose de San Martin
Miguel Hidalgo
Jose Maria Morelos
Setting the Stage
What three revolutions changed the
way people thought about a
government’s role?
Who did Latin Americans resent the
most?
Define mestizo.
1600s-1800s:
New Ideas Brewing in Europe
Causes of Latin American
Revolutions
1. Enlightenment Ideas  writings of John
Locke, Voltaire, & Jean Rousseau;
Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine.
2. Creole discontent at being left out of
government jobs and trade concessions.
3. Inspiration of American and French
Revolutions.
4. Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal in
fighting the Napoleonic Wars.
1. Enlightenment Ideas
1. Laws of nature [NATURAL LAWS]
govern natural science and human
society.
2. Give people rights  life, liberty,
property!
3. Make fair societies based on reason
possible.
4. Challenged the theory of “Divine
Right” monarchy.
European Empires: 1700s
Colony Society Divided
Latin American Revolutions!
1. Revolution in Haiti—
 Creole leader of
the revolutions in
Venezuela.
 Spent time in
Europe and the
newly-independent
United States.
Simón Bolivar
2. Simon Bolivar—
Creole leader of
the revolutions in
Venezuela.
Simón Bolivar Meets José de
San Martin
Jose de San Martin
3. Jose de San
Martin—
Bolivar coming
from the
North.
The “Muscle” of the
Revolution
José de St. Martín and
Bernard O’Higgins cross the
Andes Mountains.
Bolivar & San Martin Fight
for Independence!
Bolivar’s Failure
 After uniting Venezuela,
Columbia, & Ecuador into Gran
Columbia, he left to help free
the rest of Latin America.
 He died a year later, with his
goal of uniting all of South
America unfulfilled!
Mexico Ends Spanish Rule
4. Indians and mestizos
led the revolution in
Mexico.
5. Miguel Hidalgo—
6. In 1823, several Central
American states broke away
from Mexico.
Brazil
7. Brazil won its independence
in a bloodless revolution.
Essential Questions
 Describe the impact of technological
inventions, conditions of labor, and the
economic theories of capitalism, liberalism,
socialism, and Marxism during the
Industrial Revolution on the economies,
societies, and politics of Europe.
Vocab
Conservative
Liberal
Radical
Nationalism
Nation-state
The Balkans
Louis-Napoleon
Alexander II
Setting the Stage
What was the main goal
of the Congress of
Vienna?
*Think back to Ch. 7
Clash of Philosophies
1. Conservative—
2. Liberal—
3. Radical—
Nationalism Develops
 4. Nationalism—
 5. Nation-state- when a nation had
its own independent government.
6. The Balkans
Controlled
by the
Ottomans
In
southeastern
Europe
Present-day countries of Greece,
Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey,
and the former republics of Yugoslavia
7. Chain of Events in France
 King Charles X tried to return absolute
monarchy  riots begin  LouisPhilippe (radical) fell  France falls
apart  elects Louis-Napoleon as
president  France successful!
8. Reform in Russia
 Russia stuck in its’ old ways (serfs).
 Alexander II- brought change to
Russia after the Crimean War.