Chapter 6
Plants & Animals
Section 6.1:
Comparing Plants & Animals
pg. 164-168
Characteristics & Classifications
Plants
• Plants:
– are multicellular eukaryotes
– have a cell wall
– most are autotrophic
(photosynthesis)
– are non-motile
– have a reproductive strategy
called “alternation of
generations”
of
3 Main Parts of Plants
• Roots
• Leaves
• Stems
Vascular Tissue
Vascular tissue:
- a collection of cells arranged to conduct
water & nutrients throughout the plant
- link the roots to the highest leaves.
Classifying Plants
The Kingdom Plantae is divided into 2 groups:
1. Vascular plants (most plants)
2. Non-vascular plants (e.g. mosses,
liverworts, hornworts – do not
contain roots, stems or leaves.)
Plant Reproduction
• To reproduce, plants depend
on:
– Wind
– Insects, other animals
– Water
• These help to disperse
pollen grains
• Pollen grains are male
gametes and they are
carried to a female plant.
• After fertilization, a
zygote develops inside a
seed.
• Seed: a structure made
up of an embryo, stored
food & a tough
waterproof coat.
Alternation of Generations
• Life cycles of plants consist of 2 stages:
1. Haploid
• sex cells with half the # of chromosomes
2. Diploid
• after 2 sex cells fuse – full # of chromosomes
Alternation of Generations
The diploid sporophyte (spore-making body)
produces spores that are haploid.
The haploid spores grow into a plant body called
the gametophyte (gamete-making body).
Alternation of Generations
Gametophytes produce male & female gametes
that fuse at fertilization and develop into
another sporophyte.
The cycle then repeats.
** Know figure 6.3 on page 166.
Characteristics & Classification
Animals
• Animals:
– are multicellular eukaryotes
– lack cell walls
– reproduce sexually
– are heterotrophic
– are motile
of
Classifying Animals
The Kingdom Animalia is divided into 2 groups:
1. Vertebrates (have a backbone – 5%)
2. Invertebrates (no backbone)
Characteristics Used to Classify
Animals into Phyla
•
•
•
•
Number of germ layers
Digestive system
Body symmetry
Development of an
internal body cavity
• Type of Reproduction
Section 6.1:
Review Questions
• Do the “Thinking Lab” on page 167.
• Do question #’s 1-8 on page 168.
Section 6.1
Answers
1. Design a chart or graphic organizer to
compare plants & animals.
Similarities: eukaryotic cells, multicellular,
sexual reproduction (usually)
Differences: cell wall & chlorophyll in
plants, autotrophic vs.
heterotrophic, motility
2. List three changes that had to occur for plants to
move from a life in water to a life on land.
Plants had to:
1.
find and conserve water
2.
develop an anchoring system
3.
build a transport system to move water
and minerals from the outside to the
cells of the plant
3. Is the size of a plant any indication of the way
in which it transports water & nutrients?
Explain your answer.
A small plant does not require the vascular
system that larger plants do. A small plant
would therefore depend on osmosis and
diffusion to transport materials.
4. Explain why the alternation of generations is
an adaptation for plants living on land.
The gametophyte and sporophyte have
adaptations for different environmental
conditions and provide more opportunities
for adaptations. The gametophyte is more
dependent on water as a medium for sperm
travel.
5. How could you use the diagram to support
the idea that Earth itself is a living organism
(Gaia hypothesis)?
Answers will vary!
There is a progression from microscopic to
macroscopic.
6. Based on Figure 6.1 on page 165, on what
basis are plants classified?
Plants may be classified on the basis of the
presence or absence of vascular tissue. Also,
they can be classified according to their
mode of reproduction.
7. Animals may be grouped according to
whether they are vertebrates or
invertebrates. Is this a useful classification?
Why or why not?
Distinguishing on this basis has limited
usefulness because vertebrates represent
only 5% of the animal kingdom.
8. Based on your knowledge of the alternation of
generations, which of the following life cycles A,
B or C describes the condition found in:
a) non-vascular plants
C
b) non-flowering vascular plants B
c) flowering plants
A