Changes in Society
• The Counterculture
• “Rights Revolution”
 2003 The Stage
Examine similarities of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)
The Counterculture
• Was caused by the
social and political
events of the ‘50s and
early 60’s
• Civil rights movements
introduced the idea of
protest and aided in
the rise of the antiwar
movements
• People now questioned
boundaries and cultural
norms such as dress and
hairstyles
• Heightened distrust in
authority
Early ‘60’s
• The Beatles
• The Beach Boys
•
•
•
•
Elvis
Mop-top haircut
Bikini (1965)
Beehive
 2003 The Stage
 2003 The Stage
 2003 The Stage
 2003 The Stage
Examine similarities of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Jimi Hendrix
Woodstock
The Band
Long-hair
Sideburns
Bell bottoms
Tie-dye
 2003 The Stage
 2003 The Stage
Late
‘60s
Examine similarities of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)
Expressio
ns
• “Make Love, Not War”
– anti-war, pacifist
motto
• The Age of Aquarius
– practice of
spiritualism,
Eastern religion,
and alternative
medicine, and
astrology
Examine
similarities
of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)
 2002
Myers
Hippies
•
1960S subculture that was
originally a youth
movement
• The word 'hippie' came
from hipster, which was
initially used to
describe beatniks who had
moved into San
Francisco's HaightAshbury district.
• Hippies created their own
communities, listened to
psychedelic rock,
embraced the sexual
revolution, and some used
drugs such as cannabis,
LSD, and magic mushrooms
to explore altered states
 The History
of consciousness.
 1999 Premature
• of Rebelled
against the
Examine similarities of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors)
the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)
• Baby Boom Generation – huge
population in the ‘60s from post
WWII baby boom
• Sex, Drugs, and Rock & Roll
• Sexual Revolution – erased
traditional restrictions on sexual
behavior (communes) led to “free
love” and more open discussion in
mainstream media
• Mind-altering drug use
• Musical and Art influences such as
The Beatles, Bob Dylan, Jimi
Hendrix, Andy Warhol etc…..
• Haight Ashbury District in San
Examine
of social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)
 2002 similarities
High
•
•
•
Woodstock
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The Woodstock Music & Art Fair – “3 Days of
Peace & Music".
In the town of Bethel, New York, from August 15
to August 18, 1969, southwest of the town of
Woodstock, New York.
32 acts performed outdoors in front of 500,000
concert-goers.
Richie Havens
•
Swami Satchidananda
•
Sweetwater
Bert Sommer
•
Tim Hardin
•
Ravi Shankar
•
Melanie
•
Arlo Guthrie
Joan Baez
•
Quill
Country Joe McDonald
•
Santana
•
John Sebastian
Keef Hartley Band
•
Sha Na Na
Jimi Hendrix / Gypsy Sun & Rainbows
•
Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young
•
•
•
•
•
•
The Incredible String Band
Canned Heat
Mountain
Grateful Dead
Creedence Clearwater Revival
Janis Joplin with The Kozmic
Blues Band
Sly & the Family Stone
The Who
Jefferson Airplane
Joe Cocker and The Grease
Band
Country Joe and the Fish
Country Joe McDonald's
second performance.
Ten Years After
The Band
Johnny Winter
Blood, Sweat & Tears
Paul Butterfield Blues Band
Examine
similarities
2002 The
Psychedelicof social movement (Native Americans, Hispanics, women, anti-war protestors) of the 1960s and 1970s (SS.912.A.7.9)
The Generation Gap
The Boomer
Generation
The Silent
Generation
• Teens during the 60s &
70s
• Grew up in time of
prosperity
• Peace & Flowers
• Rock music shaped
their world views
• New distrust toward
tradition and
authority
• Parents of Boomers
• Grew up in different
world from their
children
• Learned to live frugally
because of rationing
during the depression
and wars
• Big Band music
• Valued loyalty,
authority, and had
respect for military and
veterans
Haight-Ashbury
District
• San Francisco
• Center of
Countercultur
e
• Hippie
“Mecca”
• Heavy drug
use
• Attracted
great deal of
negative
media
Timothy Leary
• Former Harvard
researcher
• Preached that
drugs could
free the mind
• Encouraged
American
youths to
“Tune in, Turn
on, Drop out”
Spirituality Routes
• Counterculture
members sought
spirituality outside
of traditional
Christian beliefs
• Buddhism/Other
Eastern religions
• Native American
traditions of living
off the land
• Had a lasting impact
leading to the
environmental
movements of the ‘70s
The Counterculture
Ends
• New freedoms and ways of
•
•
•
•
living had unfortunate
effects
Drug addictions and deaths
from overdoses were on the
rise
2 beloved musicians died
from overdoses at age of 27
– Jimi Hendrix & Janis
Joplin
At a Rolling Stones
concert, Hells Angels
stabbed an African-American
man to death while
supposedly providing
security
Ugly underbelly
contradicted the values of
“Peace & Love” that the
hippies embraced
Women’s Rights Movement
• After WWII, women gave up their
careers to returning servicemen and
moved back into the homes to take care
of the family
• Movement to attain sexual equality had
risen in the 1960’s
• This movement changed American life
– from family, education, careers, and
political issues
nd
2 Wave of Feminism
• First wave in 1920s
• Seeking to redefine roles and how they
were viewed
• The civil rights movement prompted
women to look at ways in which society
caste, judged, and discriminated against
them
• Casey Hayden & Mary King were civil
rights veterans who thought that there
were parallels which could be drawn
between the treatments of blacks and
women
The Feminine Mystique
• Written by Betty Friedan, helped launch
the women’s movement by inspiring
women to join the struggle for equal
rights
• "The problem lay buried, unspoken, for
many years in the minds of American
women. It was a strange stirring, a sense
of dissatisfaction, a yearning [that is, a
longing] that women suffered in the
middle of the 20th century in the United
States. Each suburban wife struggled with
it alone. As she made the beds, shopped
for groceries … she was afraid to ask even
of herself the silent question — 'Is this
all?"
Job Opportunities
• The number of women in the
workforce grew throughout the 1950s
and 1960s
• Yet they held dead end jobs
• Even with advanced training and
education, they faced discriminatory
employers
• Betty Friedan was fired from her job
when she became pregnant with her
second child
• Sandra Day O’Connor (first female
Supreme Court Justice) graduated at
the top of her class and had no
employment opportunities
•
National Organization for Women
(NOW)
The organization dedicated to winning “true equality
for all women” and to attaining a “full and equal
partnership of the sexes”
• Set to break down barriers of discrimination in the
workplace and in education
• Attacked stereotypes of women and called for more
balanced roles in marriage
• Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) – passage would
guarantee gender equality under the law
• Wanted Reproductive Rights – the right to an
abortion
• NOW worked within the existing politics for reform
on existing legislation
Raising Awareness
• Not all women took the political approach to the
movement
• Some found NOW too tame and set out to show
how society trapped women into restrictive roles
• Public protests and consciousness raising efforts
by radical feminists
• Gloria Steinem raised awareness through the
mass media
• Steinem worked as a writer worked undercover
with Playboy magazine to show the humiliation
the Bunnies faced just to earn a living
• Co-founded Ms., a feminist magazine
• Became the most famous feminist leader of the
1970s
Opposing the Movement
• Some Americans, both men and women,
were openly against the feminist movement
• Phyllis Schlafly – a conservative political
activist who denounced women’s liberation
as “an assault on family, marriage, and on
children.”
• Worked hard to defeat ERA, saying that the
act would compel women to fight in the
military, end separate public restrooms, and
hurt the family
• High conservative opposition to the
movement, and the ERA fell 3 states short of
passing due to this
Lasting Effects
• Women’s roles and opportunities
expanded
• Women gained legal rights
• The Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission (EEOC) was established
to enforce prohibition on job
discrimination
• Feminists sparked a debate that
continues today
• Commission on the Status of Women
(1961) examined workplace
discrimination
• In the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a
clause called Title VII – this outlawed
discrimination based on sex
• Title IX of the Higher Education Act
(19720 banned discrimination in
education
• Women used Title VII to challenge
discrimination
• Equal Credit Opportunity Act (1974)
made it illegal to deny credit based on
gender
Roe v. Wade (1973)
• Considered the most
important legal victory
• Assured women the
right to legal abortions
• As highly controversial
then as it is today
Changes in the Workplace
• The percentage of women in the workplace has grown from 30% in 1960 to 60%
in 2000
• Number of married female workers has increased
• Fields once closed or considered off limits to women (law, medicine, accounting,
etc.) have opened up
• However, the average woman still earns less than the average man
• This could be due to the type of field or service, and most women shoulder
additional family responsibilities that men traditionally do not
• Now, the majority of the nation’s people living in poverty are single women with
children
THE RIGHTS REVOLUTION EXPANDS
Latinos
Native Americans
Asian Americans
Consumer Rights
People with Disabilities
Fight to influence laws and government and
expand rights for these groups of Americans
GROWTH OF LATINO POPULATION
 During and after WWII,
the country faced a
growing demand for
cheap labor
 Populations of Latin
American countries
grew
 Job opportunities
declined in Latino
countries
 This sent a steady
stream of immigrants
to the U.S.
 Beginning in 1942,
Mexican immigrants
came to American
under the bracero or
farmhand program
 Temporary worker
status
 Over a 25 year period,
4 million entered the
U.S.
 Played a crucial role in
sustaining the
agriculture during WWII
DEPORTATION
Many Mexicans
migrated to the U.S.
illegally
Those who outstayed
their braceros
permits and the
illegal immigrants
were deported in the
1950s
IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALIT Y ACTS
These amendments
eliminated the
national-origin
quotas for
immigrants
In the following
decades, about 2.8
million Mexican and
Asian immigrants
entered the country
LATINO COMMUNITIES
Puerto Ricans,
Dominicans, and
Cubans came legally
or as political
refugees
The tended to settle
in urban areas
New York City &
Miami
FACING DISCRIMINATION
 Like other minorities, they
also faced discrimination
 Hector Garcia, a WWII
veteran, formed the
American G.I. Forum to
battle discrimination
 Others groups demanded
better working conditions,
salaries, and educational
opportunities
 Wanted their right to vote
 Wanted to be able to elect
politicians who would
represent their interests
CESAR CHAVEZ
 Most influential Latino
activist
 Fought for rights for
farm laborers
 Migrant Farmworkers –
migrated from farm to
farm and often from
state to state
 Organized farmworkers
union
 Which later merged
with another union to
create the United Farm
Workers (UFW)
UNITED FARM WORKERS (UFW)
 Committed to nonviolent
tactics
 Implemented a workers
strike and buyer boycott
of grapes grown in
California
 California later passed a
law requiring a
partnership between
growers and union reps
 Now had a legal basis for
better working conditions
CHICANO MOVEMENT GROWS
 Growth of the Mexican
American social and
political effort
 States with high Latino
populations had demand
for educators to teach
their heritage and history
 National Council of La
Raza focused on reducing
poverty and
discrimination amongst
Latinos
“BROWN POWER”
 Attaining political
strength for Latinos
 Jose Angel Gutierrez
organized a political party
in TX called La Raza
Unida
 Party supported Latino
political candidates
 Called for better housing
and jobs
 By 1980, 6 Hispanics sat
in Congress representing
districts in NY & CA
NATIVE AMERICANS
Long history of poverty,
unemployment, and
suicides
National Indian Youth
Council (NIYC) formed
to preserve native
fishing rights in the NW
Later included all
aspects of civil rights
for Native Americans
AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT (AIM)
Founded by Chippewa
activists Dennis Banks
and George Mitchell
At first, focused on
helping Indians living in
urban ghettos
Later, was addressing all
civil rights issues
Securing land, legal
rights, self-government
CONFRONTATION
 1969, A group of
American Indians
occupied Alcatraz
 Members of the Sioux
tribe claimed it belonged
to them under a treaty
granting them federal
land
 Coast Guard and federal
authorities tried to evict
them
 About 100 American
Indians representing 50
tribes occupied the land
until mid 1971
CONFRONTATION (CONT.)
AIM arranged a “long
march” from San
Francisco to D.C.
Led by Dennis Banks
& Russell Means
In D.C., they took
control over the
Bureau of Indian
Affairs Building and
temporarily renamed
it the Native
American Embassy
SIEGE AT WOUNDED KNEE
 Bury My Heart at
 Federal authorities put
Wounded Knee written by
Wounded Knee under
Dee Brown raised public
siege, and 2 AIM members
awareness about the
died as a result of the
historic mistreatment of
gunfire
Native Americans
 Standoff ended when
 AIM planned a
government agreed to
confrontation at Wounded
examine native treaty
Knee, SD
rights
 1973, village was taken
over and they refused
until the government
agreed to investigate the
condition of reservation
Indians
LEGAL CHANGES
Several laws passed in the 1970s
 Indian SelfDetermination Act
granted tribes greater
control over resources
and education on
reservations
 Legal battles were also
won to regain land,
water, and mineral
rights
 Other groups provoked
a political backlash
saying that the federal
government gave
special treatment to
American Indian
 Native Americans still
suffered from high rates
of unemployment and
poverty
ASIAN AMERICANS
Had long faced
prejudice and
discrimination in
America
Japanese American
Citizens Lodge (1929)
protected civil rights
Worked to receive
government
compensation for
property lost to
American during WWII
Many other groups
formed during the
“rights revolution” to
combat discrimination
and protect rights of
all Asian Americans
Immigration and
Nationality Act
Amendments (1965)
passed also aided
Asian immigrants
CONSUMER RIGHTS
 Led by Ralph Nader
 A lawyer who began
investigating car
designs and the flaws
 His book, Unsafe at Any
Speed attacked auto
makers stating they
were creating vehicles
that endangered the
people
 Prompted the National
Traffic and Motor
Vehicle Safety Act
(1966)
CONSUMER RIGHTS (CONT.)
Consumer advocacy
groups formed:
The Occupational
Safety and Health
Administration
(OSHA) mandated
workplace safety
regulations
RIGHTS FOR THE DISABLED
Historically, people
with disabilities had
been treated as
defective
FDR hid his disability
High number of
disabled veterans
from Korean and
Vietnam wars
RIGHTS FOR THE DISABLED (CONT.)
 The Panel on Mental
Retardation (1961)
explored ways to help
people with mental
disabilities
 Eunice Shriver (Kennedy’s
sister) began what later
became the Special
Olympics
 Later, several other laws
also passed guaranteeing
access to education for
people with disabilities
Environmental Movement




People’s rights to a clean and safe
environment
Rachel Carson was an American
marine biologist and conservationist
wrote Silent Spring
The book pointed out that human
actions were harming the
environment and all living creatures
in it
Prompted a debate about the
importance of governmental
involvement in environmental
regulations
Silent Spring sparks a movement





Carson described the
deadly impacts of chemicals
and toxic waste on animals
and the environment
Human activity altered it
and it was our responsibility
to take care of it
Public was convinced of her
argument
Congress restricted the use
of the pesticide DDT
Spurred widespread
environmental activism
among Americans
Cuyahoga River Fire
 Activists
immediately
responded to incident
 A spark ignited the
byproducts and wastes
caused by industrialization
in the area
 The river’s surface was
coated with oil and was
said to “ooze, rather than
flow”
 Magazine stated that a
person “does not drown
but decays”
Earth Day




Nationwide protest that
started in response to growing
environmental concerns
Was done “to shake up the
political establishment and
force the issue onto the
national agenda”
April 22, 1970 – 20 million
Americans took part
throughout the nation
Became a yearly event
attracting civil and women’s
rights activists, and the Sierra
Club and Wilderness Society
Nixon Turns Environmentalist





Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) – mission to
protect the “entire ecological
chain”
Clean Air Act (1970) eliminated
air pollutants and emissions
Clean Water Act (1973) limited
pollutants of water by
agriculture and industry
Endangered Species Act (1973)
promoted protection of
endangered plants and animals
President Ford continued with
policies and created the
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
to make sure nuclear materials
would be handled safely with no
harmful impacts on humans or
the environment
Environmental Setbacks



Love Canal – near Niagara
Falls, NY; high rates of birth
defects and cancer
EPA Investigators found
that these were caused by
thousands of tons of toxic
chemicals that had been
dumped in the ground by
industries for decades
Heavy rains would send
toxic chemicals
percolating up through
the ground
Three Mile Island








(1979) The core of a nuclear reactor
at Three Mile Island outside
Harrisburg, PA began to melt
Threat of releasing radioactive gas
State of Emergency was declared
by the governor and plant was shut
down
Incident was contained and no
proven health risks
Had profound effects on America’s
energy policy
Many opposed nuclear power
fearing possible disaster
Temporary Ban – No nuclear power
plants were built for 25 years
Lifted in the 2000’s because of
energy shortages
Superfund
 These
situations prompted
Congress to establish the
Superfund
 Goal is to restore sites in
ways that provide
economic or
environmental benefits to
communities
Questioning Environmental
Regulation
 Conservatives
suggested that the government
had imposed too many regulations
 Stripped property owners of their rights on what
they could do with their land
 Industry leaders worried that too much regulation
would cut funding and jobs to industry by
diverting it to environmental protection
 By the end of the 1970s, the country was divided
about what the governments role should be in
protecting the environment