The
Aztecs
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WHO WERE THEY?
COMMON VOCABULARY
DAILY LIFE
SOCIETY
RELIGION
• GODS
• CEREMONIES (STORIES)
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TENOCHTITLAN
ART
GAMES
CALENDAR
• PROJECT
OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVES CONTINUED
• AGRICULTURE
• MEDICINE
• WARFARE
• SPANISH CONQUEST
THE PEOPLE
• WANDERING TRIBE FROM ATZLAN
• SETTLED IN THE VALLEY OF MEXICO
• CENTRAL PART OF COUNTRY
• HIGH ALTITUDE BASIN
• MILD CLIMATE
• SPOKE NAHUATL AND DEVELOPED A FORM OF PICTURE
WRITING
• FOUNDED CAPITAL ON AN ISLAND IN THE MIDDLE OF A LAKE
• LAKE TEXCOCO
• TENOCHTITLAN
VOCABULARY TO KNOW
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ADOBE----- A type of brick
CACAO BEAN--Used to make chocolate, also used for $$$
CHICLE– Chewing gum comes from this tree
MAIZE---- Corn
JADE--- Precious stone that could be carved, GREEN.
PATIO--- An area surrounded by rooms of the home.
TORTILLA--- Corn pancake
CALLI--- House
CALPOLLI--- Clan
CLAN--- Basis of all society and government
TRIBE--- Twenty clans
TELPUCHALLI--- An Aztec school for boys and girls
DAILY LIFE
• HOUSES MADE OF ADOBE
• ROOF--- THATCHED STRAW
• LITTLE FURNITURE
• LARGER HOUSES FOR EXTENDED FAMILY
• IMMEDIATE FAMILY
• RELATIVES OF FATHER
• ROOMS SURROUNDED PATIO AREA
• EVERYONE WORKED, INCLUDING THE CHILDREN
• PARENTS TAUGHT CHILDREN SKILLS AND HISTORY OF FAMILY
• CHILDREN ATTENDED SCHOOL AT AGE 13
• BOYS AND GIRLS
TELPUCHCALLI
SPONSORED BY THE TRIBE
• ALL
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CITIZENSHIP
HISTORY
TRADITION
RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES
ARTS AND CRAFTS
• BOYS---- METHODS OF WARFARE
• GIRLS---- SINGING AND DANCING SKILLS
• SELECTED STUDENTS BECAME PRIESTS (CALMECAC)
CLOTHING: NO PACSUN! NO UGGS!
• MIDDLE CLASS WORE COTTON
• POOR WORE FIBERS OF THE MAGUEY PLANT
• MEN: LOINCLOTH/ CLOAK
• WOMEN: BLOUSES AND SKIRTS
• SANDALS: LEATHER OR MAGUEY FIBERS
BASIC FOODS
• MEN AND WOMEN ATE SEPARATELY
• CROPS
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MAIZE
BEANS
SQUASH
CHILI PEPPERS
TOMATOES
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DEER
RABBIT
DUCKS
GEESE
• HUNT
• DOGS RAISED FOR MEAT
BAKED OR BOILED
SPICY AND HOT
TORTILLAS DAILY
ENDED THE DAY WITH CHICLE OR CHOCOLATE
SOCIETY
• CLAN IS THE BASIS OF THE WHOLE THING!!! CAPOLLI
• EXTENDED FAMILY
• OWNED MOST OF THE LAND
• DIVIDED LAND AMONG FAMILY MEMBERS
• 20 CLANS = TRIBE
• CALPOLLI ELECTED OFFICERS TO RUN THINGS
(DEMOCRACY)
• DECISIONS MADE BY VOTE
• WOMEN COULD NOT VOTE
TRIBES
• MET TOGETHER TO WORK ON COMMON NEEDS
• EACH TRIBE ELECTED A LEADER TO THE COUNCIL
• COUNCIL CHOSE ONE LEADER TO BE THE CHIEF
• COUNCIL ENFORCED THE LAWS AND PUNISHED
WRONGDOERS
• CHIEF WAS IN CHARGE OF CIVIL AND RELIGIOUS MATTERS
• SECOND CHIEF ELECTED TO BE IN CHARGE OF WAR
MATTERS
EXPECTATIONS
• ALL ABLE-BODIED MEN SHOULD FIGHT
• CONSIDERED TO BE A HIGH HONOR TO FIGHT FOR THE CLAN
• CALPOLLI GOVERNED ALL ASPECTS OF LIFE
• BIRTH--- PRIEST CONSULTED
• BOOK OF FATE---- SEE IF THE BIRTH WAS ON A LUCKY DAY!!!
• AFTER 4 DAYS—PARTY AND NAME DAY
• BABY BOYS GOT WEAPONS AND TOOLS
• BABY GIRLS GOT WEAVING ITEMS AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
• TAUGHT AT HOME UNTIL AGE 13
• MARRIAGES WERE ARRANGED: BUT CONSENT WAS ASKED
• ONLY MARRY OUTSIDE THE CLAN
• CLOAKS TIED TOGETHER TO SYMBOLIZE THE JOINING.
• BRIDE THEN BECAME MEMBER OF HUSBAND’S CLAN
• NOBILITY
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By birth
Priests
Those who earned their rank
Highest social class: PIPILTIN
• TOP OF THE GOVERNMENT BY BIRTH
• HIGHEST POSITIONS OF THE ARMY
• HIGHEST LEVELS OF THE PRIESTHOOD
• LEADER SELECTED FROM THE NOBLES: RULED UNTIL DEATH
WARRIORS
PRIESTS
INTERESTING FACTS
• WARRIORS, PRIESTS AND NOBILITY: MOST RESPECTED.
• WARRIOR CLASS HIGHLY VALUED
• SOCIETY’S EMPHASIS ON WARFARE
• WARRIORS WOULD VOLUNTEER FOR THE MOST IMPORTANT SACRIFICAL
RITUALS!!! WAIT! WHAT???
• LONG DISTANCE TRADERS
• PRIVILEGED CLASS
• SERVED AS AMBASSADORS
• SERVED AS SPIES
• ARTISANS, DOCTORS, AND TEACHERS (IF TRULY WISE) WERE NEAR
THE TOP OF THE HEAP!
COMMONERS
• MACEHUALTIN: ORIGINALLY PEASANTS (NO YOU DON’T NEED
TO KNOW THIS):
• 20% DEDICATED TO AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION
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WORKED THE LAND AND KEPT WHAT THEY PRODUCED
LAND OWNED BY THE CLAN
COMMONERS RECEIVED LIFETIME OWNERSHIP OF A PLOT OF LAND.
LOWEST GROUP NOT ALLOWED TO OWN LAND: TENANT FARMERS LIKE SERFS
• 80% WARRIORS, ARTISANS AND TRADERS
• MOST ARTS AND CRAFTS: IMPORTANT SOURCE OF INCOME
• THREE WARRIOR GROUPS (REMEMBER FOR LATER)
• EAGLE
• JAGUAR
• ARROW
SLAVES (TLACOTIN)
• BECOME SLAVES
• BECAUSE OF DEBT
• ALL EXCESS MONEY AND ANIMALS BELONGED TO BUYER
• CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT
• WAR CAPTIVE
• WEIRD
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COULD OWN POSSESSIONS
COULD OWN OTHER SLAVES
COULD BUY FREEDOM
SET FREE IF HAD CHILDREN WITH OR MARRIED THEIR MASTER
WHEN MASTER DIED
• ALL DESERVING SLAVES SET FREE
• REST PASSED ON TO FAMILY MEMBERS AS INHERITANCE
DIFFERENT FROM EUROPEAN SLAVERY IN
THE COLONIES
SLAVERY WAS PERSONAL: CHILDREN OF SLAVES WERE FREE
COULD OWN POSSESSIONS
COULD OWN SLAVES
COULD BUY FREEDOM
GAIN FREEDOM IF MISTREATED
IF ESCAPED AT THE MARKETPLACE RECEIVED NEW CLOTHES (LIKE
DOBY IN HARRY POTTER)
• COULDN’T BE SOLD WITHOUT CONSENT UNLESS A REAL PROBLEM
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• WORE A COLLAR
• SOLD 4 TIMES: SELL TO BE SACRIFICED BIG BUCKS FOR THESE GUYS!
• MURDERER COULD BECOME SLAVE OF VICTIM’S WIFE
• FATHERS COULD SELL BAD CHILDREN INTO SLAVERY (Hmmm)
NEXT UP
• RELIGION AND THE STORIES OF THE CEREMONIES
• THE CITY
• ART
• GAMES
• THE CALENDAR OVERVIEW
RELIGION
• MONTHLY CELEBRATIONS TO THE GODS/ GODDESSES
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FESTIVAL
MUSIC
DANCING
PROCESSIONS
SACRIFICES
• PATRON GODS
• EACH VILLAGE
• EACH OCCUPATION
• DIFFERENT GODS
• EACH DAY
• PARTS OF THE DAY
WHY SO MANY ??
• ATTRACT GOOD FORCES OF NATURE
• REPEL EVIL
• TOOLS
• SACRED CHANTS-- MAGIC
• HUMAN SACRIFICE - APPEASEMENT
• USUALLY MEN
• WAR CAPTIVES
• SLAVES
• WOMEN ON OCASSION (EARTH MOTHER: HARVEST)
• CHILDREN (TLALOC- RAIN GOD)
• HEART: BLOOD GAVE GODS NEW STRENGTH AND ENERGY
THE FESTIVAL EVENTS
• GRAND PROCESSION OF WARRIORS
• MOCK BATTLE BY SPECIAL WARRIOR GROUPS
• VISIT FRIENDS
• FEASTING
• GAMES
• CHILD SACRIFICE FOR RAIN
• CELEBRATION FLAYING OF THE MEN
TENOCHTITLAN
TENOCHTITLAN
• BUILT ON LAKE TEXCOCO
• TWIN VILLAGE NEARBY ISLAND
• BUILT A BRIDGE BETWEEN THEM
• BUDDIES THEN RIVALS
• THEN NO MORE TWIN
• AS GREW NEEDED LAND
• MUD FROM BOTTOM PILED INTO MOUNDS
• CRIS-CROSSED BY CANALS (VENICE)
TENOCHTITLAN
• BUILT CAUSEWAYS TO LINK CITY TO MAINLAND
• THREE BUILT
• MAJOR ENTRANCES
• JOINED AT GREAT PLAZA IN CENTER OF CITY
• FOUR MAJOR UNITS
• TWENTY SECTIONS
• EACH CLAN
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HOUSES
GARDENS
SCHOOLS
TEMPLE
TENOCHTITLAN
• GREAT PLAZA
• CENTER OF CITY
• 520x600 FEET
• 60 BUILDINGS
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WARRIORS
PRIESTS
NOBLES
RULER
• PYRAMID AND DOUBLE TEMPLE
• 200 FEET TALL
• GOD OF RAIN
• GOD OF WAR
TENOCHTITLAN
• FOUR OTHER TEMPLES
• BALL COURT
• MARKETPLACE
• CALENDAR STONE
• 200-300,000 PEOPLE
AZTEC ART
• BEST EXAMPLES
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ARCHITECTURE
SCULPTURE
• ALMOST ALL WERE RELIGIOUS
• TEMPLE: MOST IMPRESSIVE STRUCTURE IN TOWN
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DECORATIONS PROVIDE MOST EXAMPLES
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ANIMALS REPRESENTING GODS
SPIDERS
• MATERIALS USED
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STONE
WOOD
JADE
TURQUOISE
EMERALD
VOLCANIC GLASS (OBSIDIAN)
METAL
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GOLD
COPPER
SILVER
ART
• GOLD TREASURES GONE
• SPANISH MELTED DOWN
• WEAVING: DONE BY WOMEN
• DYED, DECORATED AND EMBROIDERED
• HIGHER SOCIAL STATUS= MORE ELABORATE THE DECORATIONS
• FEATHER WEAVING
• RAISED EXOTIC BIRDS IN CAGES FOR FEATHERS
• HEADDRESSES
HEADDRESS GIVEN TO CORTES
• ONLY EXAMPLE OF FEATHER WEAVING LEFT
GAMES
• TLACHTLI: BALLGAME
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FIRST A SPORT
THEN: RITUAL GAME
LOSERS: SACRIFICED
HARD RUBBER BALL
LIKE SOCCER/ BASKETBALL
• BOARD GAMES: PATOLLI
• BIG GAMBLERS: WHERE LOTS OF SLAVES STARTED!
THE CALENDAR PROJECT
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DUE ON 18 FEBRUARY 2016 (SAME DAY THE “VIKINGS” SEASON PREMIERES!)
TEAMS OF 2-4 (YES 2-4. NO LONERS)
THEME: WHATEVER YOU WISH: SPORTS, MUSIC, FOOD, ANIMALS, BANDS, CLOTHING, ETC
20 NAMED DAYS FICTICIOUS MONTH
A CENTRAL GOD: GOD OF??? (PETS, FISH, ETC)
EVERYTHING IS DONE IN SPANISH
TWO IN-CLASS DAYS TO WORK ON IT REST IS ON YOUR OWN
YOU CAN DRAW OR PRINT THE PICTURES
WINNERS: YES
LOSERS: OF COURSE
PRIZES: WINNERS ONLY
10 POINT HOMEWORK GRADE
QUESTIONS????
THE AZTEC CALENDAR
• TWO DIFFERENT CALENDARS USED
• LUNAR CALENDAR: MAGICAL
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SIMILAR TO ONE CREATED BY MAYA
HANDED DOWN THROUGH THE AGES
BASED ON PHASES OF THE MOON
260 DAYS
• 13 MONTHS
• 20 DAYS PER MONTH
• PRIESTS USED IT TO DECIDE DAYS FOR RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES/ RITUALS
• LUCKY DAYS! USE THESE DAYS TO DECIDE WHEN TO:
• GO INTO BATTLE
• PLANT
• DOTS REPRESENTED MONTHS
• EACH DAY HAD A NAME AND PICTURE WORD (HIEROGLYPH)
• NEW YEARS DAY:
AZTEC HIEROGLYPHS
AZTEC SECOND CALENDAR
• SOLAR CALENDAR
• BASED ON MOVEMENT OF THE SUN
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365 DAYS
18 MONTHS
20 DAYS PER MONTH
5 “NOTHING DAYS”
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ADDED TO THE END OF THE YEAR
UNLUCKY DAYS
NO NAMES GIVEN
STOPPED ALL ACTIVITIES DURING THESE FIVE DAYS
• NOTHING DAYS?????????
• IF MEN WENT OUTSIDE, WOMEN WOULD TURN INTO MONSTERS AND EAT THEM
• AT THE END OF THE FIVE DAYS, HEY! SACRIFICE SOMEBODY IN TRIBUTE FOR GETTING
THROUGH IT, YAY!!!
AZTEC CENTURY COUNT
We have 100 year centuries
AZTEC CALENDARS (BOTH OF THEM) USE A 52 YEAR CYCLE!
MAJOR CELEBRATION AT THE START OF EVERY NEW CYCLE.
• NEW FIRE CEREMONY
• ALL TEMPLE’S ALTAR FIRES PUT OUT
• MIDNIGHT
• LIGHT A FIRE IN THE CHEST OF A SACRIFICIAL VICTIM.
• PEOPLE ALL LIGHT A FIRE STICK FROM VICTIM TO LIGHT HOME FIRES.
• YAY!!! NEW CYCLE BEGINS (EXCEPT FOR THE VICTIM).
CALENDAR STONE
• FOUND IN 1790
• 12 FEET IN DIAMETER
• WEIGHS 20 TONS
• HEARTS IN THE CENTER DURING CEREMONIES
NEXT UP
• AGRICULTURE
• MEDICINE
• WARFARE
• SPANISH CONQUEST
AGRICULTURE
• Similar to the other tribes we will study
• PLANTING STICK
• SLASH AND BURN
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CLEAR AREAS TO FARM B BURNING DOWN THE TREES AND DRYING THEM OUT
USE ASHES FOR FERTILIZER
TERRACES CUT INTO HILLSIDES
CANALS TO CARRY WATER TO FIELDS
• CHINAMPAS
• SMALL ISLANDS FORMED IN THE LAKE AND SWAMP
• PILE UP MUD FROM THE LAKE BED INTO MOUNDS
• CALLED “FLOATING ISLANDS” (DID NOT FLOAT THOUGH)
NO PLOW!!! NOTHING TO PULL IT!
CROPS AND YUMMY STUFF
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CORN (MAIZE): MAIN CROP
AVOCADOS
BEANS
SQUASH
SWEET POTATOES
TOMATOES
LOWLAND CROPS
COTTON (NON-EDIBLE)
PAPAYAS
RUBBER (NON-EDIBLE)
CACAO BEANS
HARVEST TO MARKET
• HARVEST
• NO ANIMALS OR WHEELED CARTS TO CARRY
• MEN CARRIED ON THEIR BACKS
• FROM DISTANT VILLAGES, USED CANOES ALNG CANALS AND RIVERS
• MARKETPLACE
• CENTER OF EACH TOWN
• TLATELOLCO LARGEST (60,000 VISITORS PER DAY)
• ECONOMIC SYSTEM
• BARTERING: TRADE ONE OBJECT FOR ANOTHER
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FOOD
WEAPONS
ANIMALS
HOUSEHOLD GOODS
FEATHERS
SLAVES
MEDICINE
• WHAT WAS THE BASIS?
• RELIGION
• MAGICAL POWERS
• PLANTS AND HERBS TO MAKE MEDICINES
• BELIEFS:
• ILLNESSES MIGHT BE PUNISHMENT
• ENEMY USED BLACK MAGIC
• NATURAL CAUSES
HOW TO CURE OR PREVENT?
• PEOPLE
• MAGIC
• WORE AMULETS AS PROTECTION AGAINST HARM AND EVIL
• DOCTORS (TICITL)
• USED PLANTS, HERBS, ROOTS, AND BARKS TO MAKE MEDICINES
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USED THOSE SACRED TO THE RAIN GOD
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YAUHTLI
IZTAUHYATL
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PLANTS CURED FEVERS, EPILEPSY, STIFFNESS, SWELLING, COLDS, AND COUGHS
CURE LOVE SICKNESS
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OBSIDIAN KNIVES
CRUSHED PLANTS COVERED WOUNDS TO SPEED RECOVERY
RUBBED PLANTS ON SKIN TO RELIEVE ACHES AND PAINS
INHALE THE FRAGRANCE OR SMOKE OF PLANT
GRIND DOWN AND MIX WITH WATER FOR MEDICINES
SAP OF THE MAGUEY PLANT TO TREAT BATTLE WOUNDS (CRAZY GLUE!!!)
SKILLED SURGEONS
• CORTES WAS TREATED BY THESE DOCTORS: FELT THEY WERE AS GOOD AS SPANISH DOCTORS
WARFARE
• IMPORTANT PART OF LIFE
• EVERY ABLE-BODIED MAN FOUGHT
• RELIGIOUS DUTY
• WEAPONS AND MATERIAL
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MACUAHUITL: WOODEN PADDLE EDGED WITH OBSIDIAN GLASS
BOWS AND ARROWS
JAVELINS
CLUBS
SLINGS
SHIELDS
PADDED COTTON ARMOR
FEATHER HEADDRESSES
NO REAL UNIFORM
MAIN WARRIOR GROUPS
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ORDER OF THE EAGLE
ORDER OF THE JAGUAR
ORDER OF THE ARROW
WARRIORS
• BOYS BEGIN TRAINING AT AGE 13
• LEARN HOW TO USE WEAPONS
• LEARN BASICS OF WARFARE
• EXPERIENCED WARRIOR TRAINS 5 STUDENTS
• TEACHES DANCES AND CHANTS
• PHYSICAL TRAINING
• FOLLOW INTO BATTLE AND OBSERVE
• SECOND BATTLE: 5 YOUNG WARRIORS
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CAPTURE
TAKE TO PRIEST
SACRIFICE
EAT: PARTS DIVIDED UP BASED ON HOW WELL THEY DID IN BATTLE.
NOW A WARRIOR: WEAR A WARLOCK
• LATER BATTLES
• ON OWN: TO HELP MAY BE SEEN AS TRYING TO STEAL CAPTIVES
• SUCCESS EQUALED SOCIAL RANK, LAND, IMPORTANT OFFICES
WARFARE
• OBJECTIVES
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GET TRIBUTE ($$$$) PAID FOR YEARS AFTERWARDS
GOLD
JEWELS
CROPS
OTHER VALUABLES
GET SACRIFICIAL VICTIMS
• TRIBUTE KEPT AZTECS POWERFUL
• FIRST TO RETREAT WAS THE LOSER
• BATTLES WERE SHORT BECAUSE YOU HAD TO CARRY EVERYTHING
(COULD ONLY CARRY SO MUCH FOOD, WATER, AND WEAPONRY).
• GOAL OF WARFARE:
• *****CAPTURE NOT KILL NEEDED SACRIFICES*****
CORTES
• HERNAN CORTES
• LAWYER
• LED AN UNAUTHORIZED EXPEDITION FROM CUBA IN 1519
• LANDED ON COAST OF MEXICO ON THE DAY OF QUETZALCOATL
• MALINCHI HIS INTERPRETER
• QUETZALCOATL
• GOD WHO HATED SACRIFICE
• LEFT, SAID HE WAS COMING BACK (FROM THE EAST)
• DESTROY AZTECS IF STILL PRACTICING SACRIFICE
• AZTEC LEADER MONTEZUMA II
• THOUGHT CORTES WAS THE GOD
• EASILY CAPTURED: PUPPET
• KILLED BY OWN PEOPLE
• CORTES DRIVEN FROM CITY
• MARTIN LOPEZ (SHIPBUILDER)
• ATTACKS AGAIN
• SEIGE: SMALLPOX
• CIVILIZATION DESTROYED
CONQUISTADORS
• PROFESSIONAL MERCENARIES (FIGHT FOR $$$)
• LEFT SPAIN TO GAIN WEALTH AND SOCIAL STANDING
• COULD NOT ADVANCE IN SPAIN
• STRICT SOCIAL STRUCTURE
• WORKED TOGETHER
• SELF-SUPPLIED
• FOUGHT FOR GOLD AND GLORY
• ALWAYS HAD A PRIEST WITH THEM: GOD