The Language Of
Medicine
th
9
edition
Davi-Ellen Chabner
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1
Chapter 12
Respiratory System
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2
Chapter Goals



Name the organs of the respiratory system
and describe their location and function.
Identify various pathological conditions that
affect the system.
Learn medical terms that pertain to
respiration.
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
3
Chapter Goals (cont’d)


Describe important clinical procedures
related to the respiratory system, and
recognize relevant abbreviations.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding
medical terms in their proper contexts, such
as medical reports and records.
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
4
Chapter 12
Lesson 12.1
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
5
Introduction
External respiration: Exchange of air in lung
capillaries



oxygen inhaled into the air sacs of the lungs
immediately passes into capillaries
carbon dioxide passes from capillaries into air
sacs, to be exhaled
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
6
Introduction (cont’d)
Internal respiration: Exchange of gases in the
cells



occurs simultaneously between cells and
capillaries
oxygen passes out of the bloodstream into the
tissues
carbon dioxide passes out of tissues back into
the bloodstream to travel to the lungs
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
7
Respiratory Anatomy




Mediastinum: Middle of chest where trachea
divides into two branches
Bronchi: Each leads to a separate lung
Lungs: Lobes are not mirror images
Hilum: Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic
tissue, and bronchial tubes enter and exit
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
8
Anatomy of Respiration
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9
Anatomy of Respiration (cont’d)
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10
Respiratory Structures
Conduct air

Nose
 Nasal cavities and
paranasal sinuses
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 Trachea
Exchange gases

Bronchioles
 Alveoli
 Lung capillaries
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
11
Respiratory Flow Chart
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12
Respiratory Flow Chart
(cont’d)
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13
Vocabulary







adenoids
alveolus (alveoli)
apex of the lung
base of the lung
brochioles
bronchus (bronchi)
carbon dioxide
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
14
Vocabulary (cont’d)








cilia
diaphragm
epiglottis
expiration
glottis
hilum
inspiration
larynx
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
15
Vocabulary (cont’d)







lobe
mediastinum
nares
oxygen
palatine tonsil
paranasal sinus
parietal pleura
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16
Vocabulary (cont’d)







pharynx
pleura
pleural cavity
pulmonary parenchyma
respiration
trachea
visceral pleura
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
17
QUICK QUIZ:
1. What is the tip or uppermost
portion of the lung?
A. base
B. lobe
C. apex
D. nares
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
18
Combining Forms
and Terminology
Combining Form
Meaning

adenoid/o
adenoids

alveol/o
bronch/o
bronchi/o
bronchiol/o
capn/o
alveolus, air sac
bronchial tube
bronchus




bronchiole, small bronchus
carbon dioxide
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
19
Combining Forms
and Terminology (cont’d)
Combining Form
Meaning

coni/o
dust

cyan/o
epiglott/o
laryng/o
lob/o
mediastin/o
blue




epiglottis
larynx, voice box
lobe of the lung
mediastinum
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
20
Combining Forms
and Terminology (cont’d)
Combining Form
Meaning

nas/o
nose

orth/o
ox/o
pector/o
pharyng/o
phon/o
straight, upright
oxygen
chest
pharynx, throat
voice




Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
21
Combining Forms
and Terminology (cont’d)
Combining Form
Meaning

phren/o
diaphragm

pleur/o
pneum/o
pneumon/o
pulmon/o
rhin/o
pleura
air, lung
lung
lung
nose




Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
22
Combining Forms
and Terminology (cont’d)
Combining Form
Meaning

sinus/o
sinus cavity

spir/o
tel/o
thorac/o
tonsill/o
trache/o
breathing
complete
chest
tonsils
trachea, windpipe




Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
23
Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Terminology
SUFFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
-ema
condition
-osmia
-pnea
-ptysis
-sphyxia
-thorax
smell
breathing
spitting
pulse
pleural cavity, chest
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24
Chapter 12
Lesson 12.2
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25
Diagnostic Terms








auscultation
percussion
pleural rub
rale (crackle)
rhonchus
sputum
stridor
wheeze
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26
Pathology
Upper Respiratory Disorders

croup
 diphtheria
 epistaxis
 pertussis
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27
Pathology (cont’d)
Bronchial Tube Disorders

asthma
 bronchiectasis
 chronic bronchitis
 cystic fibrosis
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28
Pathology (cont’d)
Lung Disorders






atelectasis
emphysema
lung cancer
pneumoconiosis
pneumonia
pulmonary abscess





pulmonary edema
pulmonary embolism
(PE)
pulmonary fibrosis
sarcoidosis
tuberculosis (TB)
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
29
Pathology
Lung Disorders
Atelectasis
• Two forms
• Proximal
obstruction of
distal airways
• Accumulations of
fluid, blood, or air
in pleural cavity
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30
Pathology
Pleural Disorders




mesothelioma
pleural effusion
pleurisy (pleuritis)
pneumothorax
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31
Pathology
Pleural Disorders
Pneumothorax: Air gathers in the pleural cavity
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32
Study Section






anthracosis
asbestosis
bacilli
chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
(COPD)
cor pulmonale
exudate







hydrothorax
infiltrate
palliative
paroxysmal
pulmonary infarction
purulent
silicosis
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
33
Chapter 12
Lesson 12.3
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
34
Clinical Procedures

X-rays



chest x-ray (CXR)
computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest
pulmonary angiography
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
35
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
X-rays: Radiographic imaging
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36
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):
Magnetic waves create images
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
37
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)

Radioactive Tests


Positron emission tomography (PET) scan of
the lung:
Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan: inhalation of
radioactive gas for imaging, followed by injection
of different radioactive material for imaging
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
38
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Bronchioscopy: Fiberoptic or rigid endoscope
inserted into the bronchial tubes for
diagnosis, biopsy, or collection of specimens
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
39
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Endotracheal intubation: placement of tube from
mouth to trachea to establish airway
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
40
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)




laryngoscopy
lung biopsy
mediastinoscopy
pulmonary function
tests (PFTs)





thoracotomy
thorascopy
tracheostomy
tuberculin test
tube thoracostomy
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
41
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Thoracentesis: surgical puncture to
remove fluid from pleural space
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
42
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Tracheostomy: Surgical creation of
opening into the trachea through
the neck
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
43
Review Sheet
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
adenoid/o
____________
alveol/o
bronch/o
bronchi/o
bronchiol/o
capn/o
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
44
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning

adenoid/o
adenoids

alveol/o
bronch/o
bronchi/o
bronchiol/o
capn/o
alveolus; air sac; small sac
bronchial tube
bronchial tube
bronchiole
carbon dioxide




Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
45
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
coni/o
___________
cyan/o
epiglott/o
laryng/o
lob/o
mediastin/o
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
46
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning

coni/o
dust

cyan/o
epiglott/o
laryng/o
lob/o
mediastin/o
blue




epiglottis
larynx (voice box)
lobe
mediastinum
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
47
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
nas/o
__________
orth/o
ox/o
pector/o
pharyng/o
phon/o
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
48
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning

nas/o
nose

orth/o
ox/o
pector/o
pharyng/o
phon/o
straight
oxygen
chest
throat (pharynx)
voice; sound




Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
49
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
phren/o
___________
pleur/o
pneum/o
pneumon/o
pulmon/o
rhin/o
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
50
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning

phren/o
diaphragm; mind

pleur/o
pneum/o
pneumon/o
pulmon/o
rhin/o
pleura
lung; air; gas
lung; air; gas
lung
nose




Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
51
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
sinus/o
___________
spir/o
tel/o
thorac/o
tonsill/o
trache/o
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
52
Review Sheet (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning

sinus/o
sinus

spir/o
tel/o
thorac/o
tonsill/o
trache/o
to breathe
complete
chest
tonsil
trachea (windpipe)




Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
53
Review Sheer (cont’d)
SUFFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
-ema
___________
-osmia
-pnea
-ptysis
-sphyxia
-thorax
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
54
Review Sheet (cont’d)
SUFFIXES
Suffix






Meaning
-ema
-osmia
-pnea
-ptysis
-sphyxia
-thorax
condition
smell
breathing
spitting
pulse
chest; pleural cavity
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
55