CCC Commissioned Research
by Sivhuoch Ou, and Sreang Chheat
21 September 2015, at
Imperial Garden
Vision: Sustainable development for Cambodia
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Research Objectives
Methodology
SDGs in perspective
Cambodia, from CMDGs to SDGs
SDGs for Cambodia:
◦ Challenges
◦ Opportunities
◦ Financing
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Key ingredients for SDGs success
Recommendations
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To scrutinise the extent to which Cambodia is
prepared to achieving SDGs, analysing
existing development mechanisms/
frameworks and policies and the actual
implementation
1. Look at tension between SDGs and Cambodia
2. Analyse challenges and opportunities for the
localised version, and
3. Unravel the likely sources of fundings
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Secondary data and primary data; it involves
in-depth interviews with stakeholders in the
private sector (3), government (2), and
development sectors (7), August and
September 2015
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MDGs—
◦ halving poverty, getting primary schooling met for all
children, promoting health for mother and son,
eradication of gender discrimination, safeguarding the
environment and for rich countries, providing foreign
aid.
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Poverty has fallen 3 times, from 47% in 1990 to
just 14% in 2015 (UN 2015)
Hunger and diseases substantially reduced (Sach
2012)
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GOAL 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere
GOAL 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
GOAL 3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
GOAL 4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
GOAL 5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
GOAL 6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
GOAL 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
GOAL 8 Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and
decent work for all
GOAL 9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
GOAL 10 Reduce inequality within and among countries
GOAL 11 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
GOAL 12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
GOAL 13 Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts*
GOAL 14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
GOAL 15 Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests,
combat
desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
GOAL 16 Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all
and build elective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
GOAL 17 Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable
development
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Sustainable Development?
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SDGs,
◦ “the so-called triple bottom line approach to human wellbeing…a
combination of economic development, environmental
sustainability, and social inclusion” and the trio forces need the
support from good governance (Sach 2012)
◦ a world free of poverty, hunger, disease and want,... universal
respect for human rights and dignity, the rule of law, justice, and
peace—
 integrated and indivisible,
 a supremely ambitious and transformational vision
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Will all good things go together?
◦ a big question, and literature suggests, it might not be the case (a
cautious warning)
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1.
2.
3.
Crucial roles and collaboration of both
developed and developing nations
Post-2015 pays more attention to local
contexts—capacity in resource mobilisation
from DPs and local sources
Emphasis on environmental protection—
close to half of the targets, implicitly and
explicitly
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CMDGs
Assessment
CMDG1: Poverty
Met on main indicators
CMDG2: Basic Education
Most likely to be met on main indicators
CMDG3: Gender
Met on main indicators
CMDG4: Child Health
Met
CMDG5: Maternal Health
Met
CMDG6: Communicable Diseases
Met
CMDG7: Environment
Met on main indicators
CMDG8: Partnership
Met
CMDG9: Demining
Some way to go
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Sustained growth of around 7.8% on average,
contributing to poverty reduction
Gs. 4,5,6=achieved mainly due to its low to nonsensitivity
Governance, rule of law and judiciary reforms
have not performed well, due to its high
sensitivity
Past growth accompanied by serious
environmental degradation
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Underachievement of Gs. 2 and 3 linked to
underinvestment to the education sector
(RGC 2014)
Across all the CMDGs, NGOs play and DPs
play a critical role—much better in less
sensitive areas, than the highly sensitive
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6 Challenges
4 Opportunities
3 sources of Financing
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1.
2.
3.
6 Challenges identified:
Not pro-green, growth at the expense of forest
cut, and environmental degradation
mismatch of SDGs’ institutional focus and
Cambodia’s reality—external pressure, that can
be dangerous for peace and stability and
growth
SDG’s ambitious goal and target vs.
Cambodia’s low quantifying capacity—
coordination challenges
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SDG’s governance focus, and Cambodia’s actual
poverty and growth-focused
4.
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Rice needs to be produced before rights can be
respected
Poor and near poor, requires serious
attention—3/4 categorised as poor or near
poor, malnutrition, and new poor
5.
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more investment in health, edu, and social protection
Govt, DP and NGOs coordination remains weak
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among government agencies, govt-NGOs, and
traditional and new DPs
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1.
2.
4 opportunities envisioned:
SDGs for resource mobilisation and setting
local agenda focus on sensitive issues such
as climate change and environment
Governance is improving, especially after
the 2013 elections, and in sector such as
HIV/AID and Phnom Penh Water Authority
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3.
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Government has shown strong capacity to own
development agenda
dealing with both traditional and new donors to
address its development needs
ASEAN economic community is to benefit from
Free flow of goods, services, investment, capital,, and
skilled labor, free trade arrangement
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Projected, GDP growth by 4.4 percentage points,
exports by 5.3 percentage points, private investment
by 24.8 percentage points (Itakra 2013)
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For international reforms
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3 sources of financing:
1. Public Financial Management Reform (PFMR)
and better tax administration,
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Resource Mobilization Strategy (RBS) 2014-18,
improving compliance
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Revenue to GDP increased from 10.2% in 2000 to
16% in 2015, expected to grow
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Progress on expenditure lacks behind, though
improving
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During SDGs, govt has shown its commitment
to sustain growth and private sector
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SMEs, Industrial Development Policy, its success
conditioned on state capacity, and public
administrative reform
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WB doing business studies for the last several years
point to a more stagnant reform;
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in addition to peace and stability, reform is needed,
quality education for skilled labor key to diversity
economic base
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3.
DP, ODA, and FDI
◦ ODA (loan and grant)=about 40% of its budget; in
2013, up to USD1.46 billion;14% executed by NGOs
◦ 2013, for the first time, share of loan was bigger
than grant, the trend to continue as the country
graduates to Lower middle income country status
◦ NGOs role remains critical, especially to assist those
who have not benefited adequately from
development, poor and near poor etc.
◦ New bank, non-traditional donors, FDI
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1.
Continue unachieved CMDGs
◦ GOAL 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere
◦ GOAL 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and
promote sustainable agriculture
◦ GOAL 3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
◦ GOAL 4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote
lifelong learning opportunities for all
◦ GOAL 5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
◦ GOAL 10 Reduce inequality within and among countries
◦ GOAL 17 Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the
global partnership for sustainable development
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Goal 16, ‘promoting peaceful and inclusive
societies for sustainable development, provide
access to justice for all and build elective,
accountable and inclusive institutions at all
levels’ will be burdensome, and controversial
1.
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feasible standard—
SDGs’ environmental sustainability, more
research on feasibility is needed
2.
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Environmental sustainability, modernization, and
growth
Industrial development, construction, tourism and
environmental pollution (Gs 6, 7,...15)
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1.
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3.
Development partners’ role in mobilizing aid to
meet the goal of 0.7% of their respective GNI is
highly encouraged
A multi-stakeholder forum could be useful in
guiding the SDG implementation as well
ensuring accountability.
Relevant SDGs could be mainstreamed into the
decentralization and deconcentration policies,
so that the sub national authorities could
operate in ways contributing to the overall
realization of SGDs.
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4.
5.
Incorporating SGDs into varied Technical
Working Group meetings so that the key
development stakeholders are constantly
reminded of the existing SDGs and could
together to achieve the goals. And
Capacity building on quantitative work
needs to be further strengthened and
equipped, especially for the concerned
officials at the Ministry of Planning to assist
M&E work.
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