Advanced PIR Based Security System
Swati Mishra Assistant
Professor JSSATE,
NOIDA (INDIA)
Vishal Chauhan, Suryakant Singh, Harsh Sachan
Student
JSSATE, NOIDA (INDIA)
This paper proposes a system based on Passive
Infrared Sensor[3] for advanced security for
military purposes. The system will eliminate the
limitations of previous detection systems due to
jammer. The system will sense the signal
generated by the PIR sensor mounted in three
directions with a photo detector at the gate to
sense the human intrusion. Any intrusion will
trigger the microcontroller for buzzer activation
and display the direction of intrusion on LCD.
The system also includes a LASER shooter or
fainting mechanism on a stepper which will rotate
to the direction of intrusion and eliminate the
danger.
the phenomena that a body will have certain
temperature present in the environment. Also a
body with certain temperature will emit infrared
radiations of a certain wavelength. PIR sensor has
a capability to detect radiations from the body
and the sensors are called Passive Infrared
Sensors because they sense radiations emitted
from the other body rather than sensing its own
radiation after reflection. New system proposed
can be used for highly classified areas where no
human breach is permitted into the perimeter of
the area. Detection in all four directions is done
continuously to detect human intrusion and the
direction will be displayed on the LCD. Along
with this a fainting mechanism or a LASER gun
mounted on a stepper motor will be provided.
The stepper motor will move the shooter to the
direction of intrusion and activate it to eliminate
the danger.
ABSTRACT
KEYWORDS
Passive Infrared Sensor, 4049IC, 16X2 LCD,
ATMEL 89S52, Photodiode, 7805IC
1. INTRODUCTION
In today’s era the use of jammer has limited the
use of most sensors. During the surgical strike of
Osama-Bin–laden the American planes could not
be detected by the Pakistan Air Force. The use of
jammers by the plane absorbed the ultrasonic
waves emitted by the RADAR systems. Thus a
new system is required to eliminate this
limitation. Passive Infrared Sensors[3] serves this
purpose to quite an extent. PIR sensor has many
advantages than most other sensors. It is based on
2. RELATED WORKS
Previous PIR based systems are based on home
theft security system or motion detection. Some
of the systems include- 1. GSM network based
home safeguard system [2], 2. Human tracking
system, 3. Design and Implementation of modular
home security system with short messaging
system. Most of the PIR based systems build
previously are for domestic security.
Previously alarm based systems were used which
would trigger an alarm and indicate the intrusion
and the owner of the house will have to take
necessary precautions. Some of the systems have
a capability to turn on the video recording or
image capturing system [1][2]. However all these
system are efficient for domestic environment
where main focus is on the detection of the
intrusion.
this logic. Darlington pair can be used to trigger
buzzer and the stepper motor by the
microcontroller. Inverter IC will be used to help
activate the circuit for negative waveform. Full
wave rectifier circuit will be used to provide for
the DC supply for the LCD, IC, and the
microcontroller.
In military security areas the intruder may be
armed thereby detection alone should not be the
requirement of the system. System should be
capable to eliminate the danger efficiently. We
have tried to work on these limitations and
eliminate them
4. PIR SENSOR
3. PROPOSED APPROACH
The system will consist of three PIR sensor
modules deployed in the directions other than the
direction in which gate is present. These three
sensors will detect the presence of human body
and its intrusion to the perimeter. If any presence
is found there will be change in the output from
the PIR module, which will activate the
microcontroller. When any person is coming
from except to main gate then PIR sensor activate
and provide a positive output to 4049ic, 4049ic is
an inverter IC which provides negative output to
microcontroller. The microcontroller will trigger
the alarm and display the direction of intrusion on
a LCD which can be provided at the place where
continuous security monitoring is done by
security people. The microcontroller will also
rotate the stepper motor to the direction of
intrusion which has shooter mounted on it and
shoot the person with some gas or anesthesia to
faint him. Thus system will eliminate the danger
quickly and efficiently. For intrusion through
gate, photodiode based circuit will be provided
which activate the buzzer and display the
information on LCD. A circuit has to be designed
keeping in mind the negative wave triggering of
the microcontroller and build the circuit around
PIR sensors allow you to sense motion, almost
always used to detect whether a human has
moved in or out of the sensors range. They are
small, inexpensive, low-power, easy to use and
don't wear out. For that reason they are
commonly found in appliances and gadgets used
in homes or businesses. They are often referred to
as PIR, "Passive Infrared", "Pyro-electric", or "IR
motion" sensors [3].
PIRs are basically made of a pyro-electric sensor
(which you can see above as the round metal can
with a rectangular crystal in the center), which
can detect levels of infrared radiation. Everything
emits some low level radiation, and the hotter
something is, the more radiation is emitted. The
sensor in a motion detector is actually split in two
halves. The reason for that is that we are looking
to detect motion (change) not average IR levels.
The two halves are wired up so that they cancel
each other out. If one half sees more or less IR
radiation than the other, the output will swing
high or low.
Along with the pyro-electric sensor is a bunch of
supporting circuitry, resistors and capacitors. It
seems that most small hobbyist sensors use the
BISS0001 ("Micro Power PIR Motion Detector
IC") , undoubtedly a very inexpensive chip. This
chip takes the output of the sensor and does some
minor processing on it to emit a digital output
pulse from the analog sensor.
When there is no human present in the proximity
of the sensor, the amount of infrared radiation
detected by both the slots will be same. Now
sensing of a body is a two-fold operation. First
the body will be detected entering by one half of
the sensor. This causes a positive differential
change between the two halves. Now the body
will be sensed by the other half slot of the sensor
and a negative differential change will be
generated.
5. CIRCUIT DESIGN
While designing the system to get the required
output multiple steps and precautions have to be
kept in mind. Various fluctuations and errors
have to be terminated so as to get the result as
close to the expected outcome. Keeping in mind
the nature of power supply for various elements
used in the circuit transformer and rectifier
circuits will be used. Figure 5 shows the block
representation of the system. The entire system
can be divided into following blocks:
The PIR sensor has two slots in it; each slot is
made of a special material that is sensitive to IR.
1. Power Supply
2. Sensing Module
3. Processing Unit or Microcontroller
4.
5.
6.
7.
LCD
Stepper Motor Control
Other Elements
Remaining Circuit
5.1 Power Supply
The system is supplied with a 220V 50Hz
AC. However various elements the will be
used in the system such as 89S52MCU,
4049IC, LCD work only with DC signal. Also
power supply required by them is in the range
of 3-10 volts. Thus a step down transformer
will be used to convert 220V signal to 12V
AC signal. A center-tapped full wave rectifier
will be used to convert the AC signal into DC.
However in the entire conversion process
fluctuations will develop which can be
removed using capacitors. Now the 12V DC
signal is converted to 5V by a 7805 voltage
regulator IC [8].
5.2 Sensing Module
The sensing module will consist of 3 PIR
sensing module and 1 gate sensor. Gate
sensor will consist of a photo-emissive diode
and a photo-detector diode. As a human
enters through the gate the circuit between the
two diodes will open as the light emitted by
the diode will be blocked by the person. This
will develop a negative waveform using 4049
invertor IC [7], which will activate the
microcontroller and set the buzzer ON. The
three PIR sensors will be mounted on three
directions other than gate. They will
continuously monitor the human intrusion to
the perimeter on the campus and send an
output which will activate the microcontroller
again using the 4049 invertor IC.
5.3 Microcontroller Unit
ATMEL 89S52 microcontroller will be used
to control the circuit and get the desired
output. It has features like 8kB flask memory,
256 bytes RAM, 3 Timer/Counters, 8 bit
processor, and 4 ports [9]. It is a 40 pin IC. A
clock pulse generator with a crystal frequency
of 11.0592MHz will be used externally
connected to the pin 18 and 19 of the
controller. The main function of the MCU is
to read the output from the PIR sensors and
the gate sensor and set the alarm ON. It will
also be programmed to display the direction
of intrusion and control the stepper motor.
5.4 LCD
LCD module used is a 16X2 LCD. A 16x2
LCD means it can display 16 characters per
line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD
each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel
matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely,
Command and Data.
The command register stores the command
instructions given to the LCD. A command is
an instruction given to LCD to do a
predefined task like initializing it, clearing its
screen, setting the cursor position, controlling
display etc. The data register stores the data to
be displayed on the LCD. The data is the
ASCII value of the character to be displayed
on the LCD. Click to learn more about
internal structure of a LCD.
5.5 Stepper Motor Control
Stepper motor will have a rod mounted on its
rotor. This rod will control the movement of a
shooter which can shoot electromagnetic
wave or a gas so as to faint the intruder. The
stepper motor [11] will be driven using
ULN2003A IC [10] controlled by the MCU.
ULN2003A IC has Darlington transistor array
as the stepper requires too much current to be
driven. Some precautionary measure has to be
taken to eliminate the back-EMF generated by
the motor. This can be done by connecting a
diode to the outputs of the ULN2003A IC
which will stop the current from going back
to the IC.
5.7 Remaining Circuit
Darlington Transistor pair [12] will be used
to activate the buzzer and the shooter. The
pair will have two pairs a pnp and an npn
Darlington pair. It is used to increase the
current gain in the circuit. 4049IC is used as
the output from the sensors will be positive
and the microcontroller gets activated for
negative
signals.
6. CIRCUIT OPERATION
The entire circuit operation takes places
accordingly following the blocks as explained
above. First of all the 220v AC supply is
converted to 12V AC by a step down
transformer. Then this 12V AC signal is
converted to 12V DC signal using a centertapped full wave rectifier. After the DC
conversion the signal is passed through a
capacitor to bring down the fluctuations. Now
the signal is sent to a voltage regulator 7805IC
which converts the 12V signal to 5V which is
the required power supply for LCD and the
MCU and the 4049 invertor IC. Again the output
of the 7805IC is passed through a capacitor to
remove the fluctuations introduced.
Once the proper power supply is generated the
next is the operation of sensing module. The PIR
sensors generate a positive output waveform on
detecting the intrusion in its proximity. However
our microcontroller is negatively triggered thus
an invertor has to be used to convert the output
from sensor before being fed to the MCU.
4049Ic is used which has a logic inversion
circuit inside it. It converts the positive
waveform to a negative one. The outputs of the
4049IC will be connected to input port of the
microcontroller. The input from the gate sensor
circuitry will also be fed to the microcontroller
input. Gate sensors consist of a combination of a
photo-emissive diode and a photo-detector
diode. As a person enters through the gate the
light emitted by the photo-emissive diode will be
blocked and hence the circuit of the detector and
emissive diode combination will break. A
common base configuration transistor is used to
help transistor work as a switch and send a
negative input to the microcontroller whenever
the circuit breaks. This will activate the MCU
for further operations.
The ATMEL89S52 microcontroller is so
programmed that it receives the input from the
sensors, gets activated and displays the desired
information on LCD. It has a buzzer connected
to one of its port. However the output current
from the microcontroller will not be enough to
activate the buzzer. To overcome this situation a
Darlington pair is used to increase the current
gain and hence activate the buzzer. Another pin
output will be connected to the shooter mounted
on the stepper motor which will be activated
electronically. It again has a Darlington
transistor pair to increase the current gain and
hence activate the shooter, once the stepper
motor has rotated to the direction of the
intrusion.
A 16X2 LCD is used which displays the
direction of the person intrusion. It uses the
ASCII codes of the characters to display them on
its board. The microcontroller is programmed to
sends the ASCII codes of the characters to be
displayed in the set of 8 bits to the data pins of
the LCD.
One output port of the microcontroller is
connected to the input of the ULN2003A IC.
Four outputs for the movement of the motor in
four direction four output of the microcontroller
are fed to the inputs of the ULN2003A. Another
limitation of the stepper motor is the generation
of back-emf which may cause a considerable
damage to the circuit. To overcome this situation
four diodes can be used will work as switches.
They will open circuit for the reverse bias
conditions whenever stepper motor sends some
back-emf to the circuit.
The stepper motor requires a sufficient amount of
current for its proper working. The loss in the
current is recovered by use of the ULN2003A IC.
It consists of 7 Darlington transistor arrays which
help in increasing the current gain.
7. ALGORITHM
8. FLOWCHART
The system works with the following steps to get
the desired output:
Figure 6 shows the flowchart diagram of the
system to explain the steps of how the system
will
accordingly.
i. Continuous Monitoring by the PIR sensors and
the gate sensor.
ii. If the output of the PIR sensor goes ‘HIGH’, it
inverted by the 4049IC and the microcontroller
is activated. Else the system goes to step vi.
iii. Microcontroller displays the direction of
intrusion on the LCD, and triggers the alarm. If
the PIR output is ‘HIGH’ system goes to step iv
else system goes to step v.
iv. Stepper Motor is activated which rotates to
the direction of intrusion and activates the
shooter.
v. The system is reset to reset the position of
shooter on the stepper motor.
vi. The output of the gate sensor is checked if the
intrusion is from the gate. If the intrusion is from
gate, the system jumps to step iii. Else the
system goes to step i.
9. RESULT
The system was tested by implementing the
design steps discussed earlier. The CD was
found displaying the correct data for all the cases
of intrusion. When the system was turned ON
the following message was being displayed.
The stepper motor was found working
accurately to point to the correct direction of
the intrusion. The shooter was activated once
the stepper motor had completed its rotation to
the correct direction. This is shown in figure 11.
For the intrusion detected by the other sensors
were as follows:
10. CONCLUSION
In this paper Advanced PIR based security
system has been proposed. The display of the
intrusion direction was found accurate and
displayed on the LCD. However, the stepper
motor has to be set to perfect north direction to
make it rotate to the correct position of
intrusion. Apart from that no limitation was
found.
11. REFERENCES
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Chandra, Rajen Biswa, Sangay,G. 2013.
Passive Infrared (PIR) Sensor Based Security
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Haider Imtiaz, Muhammad Moinul Azam,
Rumana Aktar Sumi, Nafisa Shahera Nur,G.
2011. Design and Implementation of
Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor Based Security
System Using Microcontroller. Technical
Report. University of Dhaka, Ahsanullah
University of Science & Technology, Dhaka,
Bangladesh.
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Budijono,
Jeffri
Andrianto,
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PIR
Sensor
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Security System. Technical Report. Cambriidge
UK
[7] CD4049UB, CD4050B, Texas Instrument
website,http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cd405
0b.pdf
[8] IC 7805 (Voltage Regulator IC) Engineer
Garage website,
http://www.engineersgarage.com/electroniccomponents/7805-voltage-regulator-ic
[9]ATMEL 8-bit Microcontroller with 8K
Bytes
In-System
Programmable
Flash
AT89S52
website,
http://www.atmel.com/images/doc1919.pdf
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ULN2003A-ULN2004A
Seedstudio
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