Criminal
Investigation
eighth edition
EIGHT
Investigative Resources
Swanson • Chamelin • Territo
McGraw-Hill
© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Outline the intelligence/analytical cycle
• Understand various components of crime
analysis
• Assess criminal profiling and its criticisms
• Discuss the organized/disorganized offender
model
• Explain the practice of investigative psychology
• Describe behavioral evidence analysis
• Discuss the practice of geoprofiling
• Recognize financial difficulty indicators used in
financial analysis
• Identify three major components of NCAVC and
the services they provide
• Describe the functions of NCIC and CODIS
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THE INTELLIGENCE/ANALYTICAL CYCLE
• The intelligence/analytical cycle is a five-step
process which is continuous:
– Planning and Direction. The intelligence/analytical
process must be managed from identifying the focus
of the intelligence effort to delivering the finished
product to the police unit requesting it.
– Collection and Management. Collection is the
gathering and managing of raw data/information
which is then analyzed to produce the finished
product.
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8-2(a)
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THE INTELLIGENCE/ANALYTICAL CYCLE
(cont'd)
– Processing. Processing is how raw information from
all sources is converted into a form which can be
used by analysts.
– Analysis and Production. Analysis and production is
how the conversion of the data which has been
processed is translated into the finished intelligence
product.
– Dissemination. The last element the five-step
intelligence cycle is the dissemination of the finished
intelligence report back to the end-used who
requested it.
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THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE
• Consists of five steps
• Is continuous
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8-3
(Source: Marilyn B. Peterson, Bob Morehouse, and Richard
Wright, eds., Intelligence 2000: Revising the Basic Elements
(New Jersey: International Association of Law Enforcement
Analysts, 2000), p. 8.)
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TYPES OF CRIME ANAYLSIS
These are common sources of blood and DNA evidence that investigators need to
be aware of in conducting crime scene searches.
Type
Description
Tactical
Provides analytical information used to assist operations and
investigative personnel in identifying specific, present crime trends,
thereby giving them an informed basis for making rapid, effective
responses to field problems (e.g. a series of pharmacy robberies)
Strategic
Involves analyzing long-range problems and making projections about
likely increases or decreases in crime rates and trends; also includes
preparing crime statistic reports and providing data for use in allocation
of personnel.
Administrative
Focuses on providing economic, social, geographic, and other
information to administrators; includes doing feasibility studies, special
research projects, grant proposals, and reports to county commissions
or city councils (e.g. in answer to the question, Why is crime
decreasing?)
(Source: Steven Goettlieb, Sheldon Arenberg, and Raj Singh, Crime Analysis from
First Report to Final Arrest (Montclair, CA: Alpha Publishing, 1994), pp. 13-24.)
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CRIME BULLETINS
• One method by which crime
analysts can disseminate
general interest information is
through the publication of a
series of bulletins
• Some crime bulletins deal
with sex offenders
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TIME-EVENT CHART
• One of the most useful and quickly learned
methods of analyzing crime is the time event
chart (TEC), which displays events in
chronological order.
Offender
paroled
from
state
prison
Stops
meeting with
parole officer
7 months
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Informant says
he is frequent
crack user
3 months
Robs
tourist
3 weeks
Robs
Stop-n-Go
2 weeks
8-6
Robs
pharmacy
11 days
Robs
bank,
wounds
guard
5 days
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CRIMINAL PROFILING
• Criminal Profiling. The process of inferring
distinctive personality characteristics of
individuals responsible for committing crimes
has commonly been referred to as criminal
profiling (See Slide 8-7)
• Criticisms of Profiling. Despite its successes,
profiling as a field is not without criticisms.
Include in these criticisms are:
–
–
–
–
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untrained or inadequately trained profilers
promising too much and delivering too little
relying on inadequate or dated databases
overstating the meaning of physical evidence
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THE ORGANIZED/DISORGANIZED OFFENDER
• The organized/disorganized offender is an FBI
model. The organized/disorganized offender
dichotomy has a strong crime scene focus.
– Stage 1: Collecting inputs, which are essential for
accurate profiling
– State 2: Using Decision Process Models, which is the
process of organizing and arranging the inputs into
meaning patterns
– Stage 3: making the crime assessment, which is the
reconstruction of the sequence of events and the
behavior of both the victim and the offender
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THE ORGANIZED/DISORGANIZED OFFENDER
(cont'd)
• Stage 4: Developing the criminal profile, a process which
addresses the type of person who committed the crime
and that individual's behavioral organization in relation to
the crime, including background information, physical
characteristics, habits, beliefs, values, pre-offense
behavior leading to the crime and post-offense behavior
• Stage 5: Continuing the on-going investigation by those
assigned to it, with the profiler making adjustments in the
profile if fresh information warrants it and being available
to discuss the case with those assigned on an asneeded basis
• Stage 6: Following the apprehension, reviewing the
agreement between the outcome and the various stages
of the profiling process are examined
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PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIZED AND
DISORGANIZED MURDERS
Organized
Disorganized
Average or above-average IQ
Below-average IQ
Socially adept
Socially inadequate, often never married, fearful of
people, may have developed well-defined delusional
system
Skilled-occupation employment history, but uneven
work history, sometimes has job below abilities
Poor work history
Sexually competent
Sexually incompetent, may never have achieved sexual
intimacy
High birth order in family, often first son
Low birth order in family
Father’s work generally stable
Father’s work history unstable
Parental discipline perceived by offender as
inconsistent
Harsh parental discipline
May feel angry or depressed at time of crime, but reports
himself as calm during it
Recurring obsessional and/or primitive throughts, at
time of crime is confused and distressed, acts
impulsively under stress
May use alcohol prior to crime
Limited use of alcohol
Precipitating situational stress, e.g. financial, marital,
relationships with females, and employment problems
Minimal situational stress
Usually living with partner
Lives alone or with parental figure
Likely to have car in good condition
Usually finds victims in his geographic area, lives in
close proximity to scene
Follows crime in newspapers, clippings about crimes
committed often found at offender’s home, may take
souvenirs from victim or scene
Little interest in news media
(Source: Robert Ressler, Ann W. Burgess, and John E. Douglas, Sexual Homicides: Patterns and Motives (New York: Free Press, 1992), pp. 121-122, 130.)
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INVESTIGATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
• Although more than a few psychologists and
psychiatrists are involved in profiling,
investigative psychology is associated with the
work of Englishman David Canter
• Canter, an environmental psychologist, was
asked by New Scotland Yard in 1985 to integrate
investigative and psychological concepts
• The model he developed rests on five factors
– Interpersonal Coherence assumes that offenders will
deal with their victims in a manner similar to the way
they treat people in their day-to-day lives
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INVESTIGATIVE PSYCHOLOGY (cont'd)
– The Significance of Time and Place may provide
analysts with clues about the offender's mobility and
even his residence
– Criminal Characteristics are used by researchers and
analysts to place offenders into broad categories,
from which subcategories can be selected or
developed
– Criminal Career is an assessment as to whether the
offender may have engaged in criminal activity before
and what type of activity it most likely was
– Forensic Awareness draws in part from Step 4 above,
criminal career. It is an assessment of the scene and
evidence to determine if the offender has any special
knowledge of evidence gathering procedures used by
the police
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BEHAVIORAL EVIDENCE ANALYSIS
• BEA is a deductive criminal profiling method. In
operation, BEA is a four-step process:
– Equivocal Forensic Analysis. “Equivocal forensic
analysis” refers to a review of all physical evidence
which questions all assumptions and conclusions
– Victimology. Victimology is the thorough study and
analysis of the victim's characteristics
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BEHAVIORAL EVIDENCE ANALYSIS (cont'd)
• Crime Scene Characteristics. These
characteristics may include, among many other
things, method of approach, method of attack,
method of controlling the victim, location, nature,
type, and sequence of sexual acts, materials
used, verbal statements, and precautionary acts
taken by the offender.
– Deduction of Offender Characteristics. The fourth step
is more artful and therefore a matter of expertise
rather than science. Offender characteristics fall into
two categories: “hard” and “soft.”
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GEOGRAPHIC PROFILING
• Geographic information system (GIS) software
provides the capability to superimpose different
types of data on a map
– Geoprofiling/GP is an investigative strategy that uses
the locations of a series of crimes to determine the
most probable area of the offenders residence
– GP does not “solve” crimes; it does prioritize suspects
and their likely addresses
– This allows investigators to focus their resources and
strategies, e.g., saturation patrol, surveillance, and
neighborhood canvasses
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FINANCIAL DIFFICULTY INDICATORS
• Business Indicators of Financial Difficulty.
Examples include but are not limited to:
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–
–
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Decreasing Revenue
Increasing production costs, e.g., labor and material
Increased competition, better products available
Costly rental and lease agreements
8-13(a)© 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
FINANCIAL DIFFICULTY INDICATORS
(cont'd)
• Personal Indicators of Financial Difficulty.
Examples include:
–
–
–
–
–
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Bounced Checks
Costly rental and lease agreements
Inability to pay current bills, e.g., utilities
Lenders impose or refuse loans or credit
Payment of bills by cashier's check, certified check, or
money order
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THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR THE ANALYSIS OF
VIOLENT CRIME
• NCAVC, which is operated by the FBI, is
organized into three components:
– The Behavioral Analysis Unit provides investigative
and operational support for complex and time
sensitive cases typically involving threats and acts of
violence
– The Child Abduction and Serial Murder Investigative
Resources Center (CASMIRC), mandated by the
Congress in 1998
– The Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (VICAP),
facilitates cooperation, coordination, and
communication among law enforcement
investigations, violent serial offenders
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THE NATIONAL CRIME INFORMATION CENTER
• NCIC has been operated by the FBI since 1967
• NCIC which provides a nation-wide
telecommunication link between police agencies
has repeatedly demonstrated its value to
federal, state, and local agencies
• The newest version of the FBI’S system, NCIC
2000, came on line.
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NCIC 2000 DATABASES
• The new NCIC 2000 has dramatically improved the prior
system
• As a result law enforcement will have more information
available in a timely fashion
Databases Continued from NCIC
Additional NCIC 2000 Services
Stolen Articles
Foreign Fugitives
Stolen Guns
Criminal History Queries
Stolen License Plates
Deported Felons
Missing Persons
Criminal Justice Agency Identifier
Stolen Securities
Stolen Boats
Gang and Terrorist Members
Unidentified Persons
U.S. Secret Service Protective File
Stolen Vehicles
Persons Subject to Protection Orders
Wanted Persons
Canadian Police Information Center
Enhanced name search (searches all derivatives of names, such as
Jeff, Geoff, Jeffrey)
Search of right-index-finger prints
Mug shots
Other identifying images (such as scars, tattoos, and images of
vehicles (e.g. Ford Mustang))
Convicted Sexual Offender Registry
Convicted Persons on Supervised Release Database
Persons Incarcerated in Federal Prisons
User manuals available online
Information linking (all information related to a case will be returned
on a single inquiry; e.g. if guns are in a stolen vehicle, a query on the
vehicle will return information on the stolen guns as well)
Improved data quality
Online ad hoc searches to support criminal investigations
Maintains five days of system inquiries to allow agencies to be notified
if they are looking for information on the same individual or stolen
property
(Source: Louis Freeh (director of the FBI), NCIC 2000 press release, July 15, 1999, p. 2.)
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CODIS
• With the marrying of DNA and computer
technology, a counterpart of Automated
Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) could be
created
• By 1998, the FBI’S Combined DAN Index
System (CODIS) was fully operational, tying
together local, state, and federal DNA files
• States enacted laws requiring the collection of
DNA samples from certain categories of
offenders
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