TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Foreign Relations 1789-1800
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
• Explain how territorial expansion brought
Americans into conflict with the British and
with Native Americans.
• Describe American relations with Britain,
France, and Spain.
• Analyze how the political parties’ debates
over foreign policy further divided them.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People
•
Little Turtle – Native American war chief who
defeated forces sent to stop his attacks on settlers
in the 1790s
•
Battle of Fallen Timbers – 1794 victory over
Native Americans by General Anthony Wayne, led
to the Treaty of Greenville and American control
over Ohio
•
French Revolution – 1789 republican uprising in
France against the monarchy that led to public
executions and war with Britain
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People (continued)
•
John Jay – Chief Justice who negotiated a 1794
treaty with Britain that removed British soldiers
from American lands, but maintained restrictions
on American shipping
•
XYZ Affair – incident in which French officials
demanded bribes to stop French seizures of
American shipping
•
Alien and Sedition Acts – 1798 Federalist laws
to restrict public criticism and deport immigrants,
most of whom supported Democratic Republicans
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People (continued)
•
Virginia and Kentucky resolutions – resolutions
that suggested that states had the power to nullify
federal laws like the Alien and Sedition Acts
•
Aaron Burr – New York politician who became
Vice President after Hamilton urged Federalist
congressmen to back Jefferson; later killed Hamilton
in a duel
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
How did foreign policy challenges
affect political debate and shape
American government?
The nation had to make peace with Native
Americans, control its borders, and establish
itself internationally. Renewed war between
Britain and France threatened neutrality.
Americans debated the right response to the
European war and to the French Revolution.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The new nation faced challenges
on its Northwestern frontier.
The British kept their forts along the Great Lakes
and supplied Indians with guns.
In 1790 and 1791, Little Turtle defeated
American forces as the Miami Indians fought
American expansion in the Ohio Valley.
In 1794, General Anthony Wayne defeated Native
Americans in the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The
resulting Treaty of Greenville gave the United
States control of Ohio.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Americans were divided along party lines by the
French Revolution, which began in 1789.
Federalists worried
about the anarchy and
public executions.
Hamilton feared
Democratic Republicans
might want to do the
same in America.
Jefferson decried the
violence but publicly
admired the principles
of the French
Revolution.
The French Revolution entered a violent
phase after King Louis XVI was beheaded.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Americans worried about the British and French war
as most of America’s imports and tariff revenue
came from British goods.
President
Washington
issued a
proclamation
of neutrality
in 1793.
But Britain
ignored him and
began seizing
American trading
ships at sea.
Americans
were outraged
but powerless
to respond.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
• The resulting Jay Treaty
Washington
sent John Jay
to London in
1794 to
negotiate.
was narrowly approved by
the Senate. Federalists
praised it, but Democratic
Republicans attacked it.
• Britain agreed to give up
forts on American soil, but
Americans had to repay
pre-Revolutionary War
debts still owed to Britain.
• Britain kept restrictions on
American shipping, which
angered many Americans.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
• The Pinckney Treaty
A more popular
treaty was
negotiated with
Spain in 1795.
allowed Americans to use
the Mississippi River and
the port of New Orleans.
• With access to the
Mississippi, removal of the
British, and defeat of the
Native Americans, settlers
poured into the west.
• By the 1800s, nearly
400,000 Americans lived
beyond the Appalachians.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
President Washington chose to retire in 1796.
He felt that voluntary retirement after two terms
would set an important precedent for the peaceful
transfer of the office.
In his farewell address, Washington advised
successors to temper political strife in favor of
national unity.
In foreign affairs, he suggested Americans avoid
“entangling alliances” with European powers.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Washington helped the young nation
survive early tests.
As the first President, Washington
•
Established the government
•
Opened western land for settlers
•
Kept the nation out of war
•
Developed foreign trade
•
Put the nation on solid financial footing
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
John Adams was elected President in 1796.
He narrowly defeated
Thomas Jefferson, who
became his vice president.
The vote was largely along
regional lines with the North
favoring Adams, and the
South favoring Jefferson.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Early in his presidency, Adams faced a
crisis with France.
Like Britain, France began seizing American
ships. Adams sent envoys to negotiate.
French officials identified only as X, Y, and Z
demanded bribes for the right to negotiate.
Americans were angered and insulted by this
XYZ Affair and sentiment against France grew.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In 1798
Congress passed
the Alien and
Sedition Acts,
making it a
crime to criticize
the government.
Immigrants, most of
whom tended to favor
Democratic Republicans,
could be deported.
The Federalists claimed
the acts were necessary
to stop unhealthy criticism
that was undermining
trust in the government.
Democratic Republicans
charged the acts violated
the Constitution and were
aimed to silence the
opposition.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In 1798 and 1799, Jefferson and Madison
attacked the Sedition Act as unconstitutional
in the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions.
They suggested that states can “nullify” or
reject unconstitutional laws.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Shortly before the 1800 election, President
Adams sought peace with France.
This angered other Federalists, including Alexander
Hamilton. When Adams ran for re-election against
Thomas Jefferson, Hamilton supported Jefferson.
The election ended with Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied
for electoral votes. The House of Representatives
selected Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice
President.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The election of
1800 changed the
balance of power
and ended the
Federalist era in
government.
The election of 1800
marked an important
precedent as the first
peaceful transfer of
power from one political
party to another.