Role of Inland Water
Transport in Asia
Report of the 1st Asia-Pacific Water Summit
Open Event in Beppu on 3 December 2007
Prof. Tatsuhiko IKEDA
Yokohama National University, Japan
Background for the use of Inland Water Transport (IWT)
• IWT is a mode with low cost, energy efficient, and environment-friendly.
• At the Water and Regional Development Sessions of the 3rd and 4th World Water
Forum held in Kyoto (2003) and Mexico City (2006), it was recommended that IWT
be further promoted and utilized to realize regional development.
Unit emissions of carbon dioxide by transport mode
(Unit: Ratio of CO2 emitted to transport 1 ton of cargo 1km)
Coastal Shipping
37
Rail
22
Commercial
Trucks
161
Private Trucks
971
Air
1,500
0
200
400
600
800
1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600
Source: Based on the Report on the Japan Greenhouse Effect Gas Inventory (October 2004)
and Overall Energy Statistics (FY2003)
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The 1st Asia-Pacific Water Summit Open Event
• Symposium on ‘Waterborne Transportation and Regional Development’ was held in
Beppu on 3 December 2007 as an Open Event of Asia-Pacific Water Summit.
• Senior administrative officials concerned and researchers in Japan, China, Korea,
Vietnam and Cambodia made presentation on the use of IWT in their country.
• Various issues and challenges were discussed for further promoting IWT in the
region.
■Theme: Waterborne Transportation and Regional Development
■Panelists (Alphabetical Order)
Mr. Mikio ISIWATARI
Mr. Kazuo ITOU
Dr. LEE Sung-Woo
Dr. Katry PHUNG
Dr. TRAN Dac Suu
Mr. Yifei ZHAO
Senior Adviser, Japan International Cooperation Agency
(JICA)
Chief Executive, Seaport and Airport Bureau, City of
Kitakyushu
Research Fellow, Port Research Department, Korea
Maritime Institute (KMI)
Director, Waterways Department, Ministry of Public Works
and Transport (MPWT), Cambodia
Director-General, Vietnam Inland Waterways Administration
(VIWA)
Associate Professor, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
■Coordinator
Prof. Tatsuhiko IKEDA, Yokohama National University, Japan
Photo: OITA GODOSHIMBUN,
All
Japan Regional Newspaper Federation
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Dr. Phung Katry
Director, Waterways Department,
Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT), Cambodia
“Support People's Lives”
About 3.9 million people (one-third of the national population) live beside the
Mekong River in Cambodia. They depend on IWT.
The Mekong River
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Vessel seize restriction on Mekong River
Domestic
cargo/passenger
route
-International route : Ocean
going vessels with 5,000
DWT can access with the
depth of waterway of 5
meters
International
Cargo/Passenger
route
-Domestic navigation route:
vessels with 500 DWT in
wet season and 70 DWT in
dry season (the depth of
waterway is 2 -2.5 m in dry
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season.
Inter-provincial Cargo movement by Waterway
Domestic Cargo transported from PP Port to
Provincial Towns
Thousands ton
15
10.896
11.007
9.087
10
5.399
5
2.633
0
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
year
The volume of waterway long distant transport
between Phnom Penh Port and Provincial towns
has decreased since 2003 due to the improvement
of road network and insufficient loading facilities in
each port. However, internal cargo transport within
province still remain as an important transport
mode in the region.
5
Waterways transport and international trade
235
Thousands ton
250
45
216
38
200
35
30
30
150
25
99
100
50
77
57
73
15
10
33
5
27
0.746
2002
20
16
8
35
12
0
40
0
2003
2004
2005
2006
Thousands TEU
Cargo Movement in Phnom Penh Port
The volume of container cargo handled in
Phnom Penh Port has been increasing since
2002, when a container line service between
Phnom Penh Port and Ho Chi Minh City was put
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in operation.
Dr. TRAN Dac Suu
Director-General, Vietnam Inland Waterways
Administration (VIWA)
“Support People's Lives”
IWT is utilized fully for both passenger and cargo transportation in Vietnam.
The superannuation of the port facilities becomes a problem because the
investment in the improvement of the port facilities is not enough.
The system of the South
The system of the North
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VIETNAM INLAND WATERWAY ADMINISTRATION
Vessel management
In the period of 1993 - 2005 the number of river vessels increased dramatically.
Vessel
90000
75588 76624
69076
80000
65258
70000
56188
60000
43087
50000
32929
40000 30538
30000
20000
10000
0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
86207
82046
78108
2003 2004 2005
Year
8
IW Transport capacity
inland waterway cargo transport capacity from 1995 t0 2006
Mil Ton
65
70
60
55
60
50.97
50
40.7 42
40
30
25.81
27.97
30.6
33.8
44.8
37.5
20
10
0
Year
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 20032004 2005 2006
Inland waterway transport capacity is very high and has increased rapidly consistetly.
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Dr. LEE Sung-Woo
Research Fellow, Port Research Department,
Korea Maritime Institute (KMI)
“Support The Development of The Region”
Short shipping routes between Japan, Korea and China are fully utilized for
their trade. They are important to stimulate the economy of the hinterland of
their ports.
Korea
China
Japan
10
Present Situation of Korea/China/Japan Short Shipping Routes
◈ Deepening Intra-trade in Northeast Asia
Unit: Thousand TEU
Unit: 10million
Korea
67
351
China
91
619
Korea
312
469
220(1995)
805(2005)
171
240
Japan
285
841
317
2,103
China
252
1,648
156
1,018
207(1995)
778(2004)
216
986
Japan
526
1,827
Source: Korea International Trade Association, 2006
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Mr. Yifei ZHAO
Associate Professor,
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
“Support the Development of the Region”
The Chang Jiang River is 5,800km in its length. IWT along the river has been
extensively developed and utilized. The Government endeavors maintenance
works of the waterways and the vessel standardization in the Chang Jiang River to
facilitate economic development of the areas along its river system. It is necessary
to enlarge the ship size and the port facilities to economically use IWT for
the future of the region.
The Chang Jiang River
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The region covered by
the Chang Jiang River
13
Freight Volume & Throughput of Chang Jiang River
from 2001 to 2006
million tons
44.0%
500
Volume of freight
43.0%
400
42.0%
41.0%
300
40.0%
200
39.0%
38.0%
100
37.0%
36.0%
0
2001
2002
2003
Volume of Chang Jiang River Freight
2004
2005
2006
Rate in River Freight
billion tons km
57.0%
200
56.0%
160
55.0%
120
54.0%
80
53.0%
52.0%
40
throughput
51.0%
50.0%
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
Turnover of Chang Jiang River Freight
2005
2006
Rate in River Freight
14
Scale of China River Freight in 2006
Hei Longjiang
River 1.2%
Other Rivers
25.2%
Zhu Jiang River
15.5%
Chang Jiang
River 39.6%
Jing-Hang
Canal 18.5%
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Mr. Mikio ISIWATARI
Senior Adviser,
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
Connect People and the Region
IWT is utilized for tourism and for transport of emergency materials in case of
disasters.
Source :Cabinet Office, Government of Japan
River Bureau, MLIT
Route of emergency relief
goods transportation
Tokyo Earthquake
Estimation of Damages
Number of destruction
of building : 850,000
Death toll:
11,000
Emergency Relief delivered by IWT
Source : Kobe Port Promotion Association
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3. IWT for Disaster Management
Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake , 1995.1
Land Transportation damaged by Earthquake
Source : Hanshin Expressway Management
Technology Center
2. Today’s IWT in Japan
Traditional Culture
“Benkou Ikada Nagashi”
in Horikawa Canal
(in Nichinan City, Miyazaki Prefecture)
Source: MLIT
“Ukai” (Cormorant Fishing)
in Mikuma River
(in Hita City, Oita Prefecture)
“Yakatabune” (Houseboat)
in Mikuma River
(in Hita City, Oita Prefecture)
Source : Hita city
18
Use form of river navigation in main river
(Research in 2008)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Distribution
Water Bus Excursion Ship Leisure Boat
Other
Distribution
Water Bus
Excursion Ship
Leisure Boat
Other
19
Source : Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Japan (MLIT)
Mr. Kazuo ITOU
Chief Executive, Seaport and Airport Bureau,
City of Kitakyushu
“Contribution to Recycling-Based Society”
IWT as well as coastal shipping are utilized to transport waste materials and
recycled materials among industrialized areas in Japan. This is a new concept
of utilizing IWT and coastal shipping.
Waste which is generated in the region
flows in the region.
Waste is recycled in the large area,
entire Japan.
LESS WASTE!
Waste
Recycle
Waste
Waste
Production
Consumption
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Overcoming Environmental Problems
Severe industrial pollution in the 1960s
Smoke filled skies
Polluted Dokai Bay
【１９６０】
【１９６０】
Government, industry, academia, and the people
cooperate to overcome pollution problems
Blue skies have returned
【Now】
Beauty returned to Dokai Bay 【Now】
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21
Coastal Shipping of JAPAN
Coastal shipping is used to facilitate
the environment-friendly distribution system
in Japan.
Coastl Ferry Routes in JAPAN
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Conclusion
The participants of this symposium recognize as follows.
•
Thanks to the blessing function of water, IWT have been promoting
regional development with relatively less energy consumption and with
environmentally friendly manner. Further and safer operations of IWT
should be sought out.
•
In developing IWT systems, specific safeguards are required, such as
standardization of vessels, maintenance dredging and provision of
navigation aids, in order to utilize existing infrastructure.
•
IWT has comparative advantages to transport waste materials for
processing and recycling, tourists and emergency materials during
disaster.
•
Experiences of each regional IWT should be shared to each other to
improve IWT operations in each region. Further collaboration in Asia and
Pacific Region should be sought.
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