Bones
Cartilage

Long – (long) femur, humerous

Short - (cube/box) carpal, tarsal

Flat – (broad/thin) skull, scapulae

Irregular – (varies/groups) vertebrae
› Sesamoid – single - patella
Diaphysis – shaft
 Epiphysis – end

› Metaphysis – between diaphysis and
epiphysis
Articular cartilage – thin layer of hyline
cartilage – shock
Medullary cavity – in diaphysis – yellow marrow
Endosteum – epithelial lining inside medullary
canal of long bones
Osseous
 Contains cells, fibers, extracellular matrix,
collagen
 Extracellular matrix is calcified and more
abundant in bones than any other tissue
 Rigidity provides support and protection


Inorganic salts

Organic matrix

Calcium, phosphate (hydroxyapatite)

Process of deposition – calcification

Other variables detectable –
›
›
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sodium
Sulfate
Fluoride
Magnesium
Collagen fibers, protein, and
polysaccharides (ground substance)
 Present for growth/ repair
 Connective tissue cells secrete gel-like
substance
 Chondroitin sulfate – (GAG –
glycosaminoglycan) repair and
maintanance
 These components allow for plastic-like
resilience


Compact Bone

Cancellous Bone

Types of Bone Cells

Many cylinder-shaped structures –
osteons (Haversian systems)

Allows for delivery system of
nutrition/waste

Lamellae – calcified matrix

Lacunae – “little lakes” contains tissue
fluid

Canaliculi – canals running all directions

Haversian canal – lengthwise –
blood/lymph vessels

Volkmann’s canals are for
communication – nerves and vessels that
carry blood/lymph to the bone surface

Spongy – not compact

Trabeculae – needle-like spikes which
allows for cellular exchange of nutrients
and waste

See diagram pg. 194 which refers to the
sandwich effect of the compact /
cancellous bone

Osteoblast – formation

Osteoclast – reabsorption

Osteocyte – mature

Soft, diffuse connective tissue

Also called myeloid tissue

Produces blood cells

Yellow – fat saturated – no blood cell
production

Red – erythrocyte production

Harvested from vertebra/hip

Donation via I.V.

Without rejection, the pt. may begin new
growth within the marrow
Support
 Protection
 Movement
 Mineral storage
 Hematopoiesis


98% of calcium in bones

Regulation due to new growth and
breakdown/reabsorption

Essential for clotting, nerve transmission,
muscle contraction, thyroid hormone
production

Parathyroid – bone remodeling, renal
calcium absorption, stimulation of Vit D
synthesis

Calcitonin – thyroid – decrease of
circulating levels of calcium

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All structure in-utero begins as cartilage
and fibrous structures
Cartilage is then replaced with calcified
bone matrix
Osteogenesis
Strength of bone comes from use
Endochondral ossification – bone from
cartilage
Intramembranous ossification – bone from
fibrous membrane

Between diaphysis and epiphysis

Continual osteoblast formation and
matrix calcification until maturity

Considerations – blood vessels, nerves,
type of fracture

Fracture hematoma

Immobilization

Vitos – synthetic calcium matrix
Hyaline – glassy, grissle
 Most common

Covers artricular surface
 Chondral surface
 Tracheal rings
 Nose
 Bronchii

External ear
 Epiglottis

Small matrix, abundant fibrous material
 Strong, rigid

Symphysis pubis
 Intervertebral disks
 Tendonous articulations


Interstitial

Appositional