Chapter 4:
Tissues, Glands,
and Membranes
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Overview
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Epithelial Tissue
Learning Targets:
1. I can name the four main groups
of tissues and give the location
and general characteristics of
each.
2. I can describe the difference
between exocrine and endocrine
glands and give examples of
each.
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Vocabulary – DEFINE
adipose
fibroblast
osteocyte
areolar
histology
parietal
cartilage
matrix
serosa
chondrocyte
membrane
stem cell
collagen
mucosa
visceral
endocrine
mucus
epithelium
myelin
exocrine
neuroglia
fascia
neuron
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Tissue Origins
• ___________________ is the study of tissues.
• Four main groups of tissues
1.
____________________
2.
____________________
3.
____________________
4.
____________________
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Epithelial Tissue
Overview
• Forms a protective covering for the _____________
– Outer layer of skin
• Forms ________________ and ________________
• Lines ________________ and hollow ______________
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Epithelial Tissue
Structure
• Classification by shape
– _____________________
– _____________________
– _____________________
• Classification by layers
– _____________________
– _____________________
– _____________________
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DRAW
Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Epithelial Tissue
Simple Epithelium
• _________________________ allows materials to pass
from one system to another
Type
Description
Locations
Flat, irregular cells
with flat nuclei
Capillary walls, lung alveoli,
glomerular capsule in
kidney, serous membranes
Square cells with
central round nuclei
Tubules and ducts, as in
kidney, liver, glands
Long narrow cells with Lining of stomach, intestine,
ovoid basal nuclei
oviducts
Columnar cells that
appear stratified, but
are not
Lining of respiratory
passages
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 4-1 Simple epithelial tissues.
In how many layers
are these epithelial cells?
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Epithelial Tissue
Stratified Epithelium
• Multiple cell layers provide protection in areas subject to
wear and tear.
Type
Description
Locations
Squamous
Flat, irregular cells in layers
Outer layer of skin,
lining of mouth,
throat, anus, vagina
Cuboidal
Square cells in layers
Not common—some
glands
Columnar
Long narrow cells in layers
Not common—larynx,
some ducts
Transitional
Square cells that flatten as
they are stretched, then
return to original shape
Lining of urinary
bladder
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 4-2 Stratified squamous epithelium.
What is the function of stratified epithelium?
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Special Functions of Epithelial Tissue
Special Functions
• Goblet cells secrete __________________.
– Trap foreign particles in ___________________ tract
– Protect lining of ________________ organs
• Some epithelial cells have ________________.
– Sweep particles trapped in mucus away from ______
• Epithelial cells repair and replace themselves
_____________.
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 4-3 Special features of epithelial tissues.
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Epithelial Tissue
Glands
• Produce _______________ that are sent out to other
parts of the body
• Types
– ___________________
________________
• Use ducts to deliver product to other regions
Example: _____________________________
– ___________________
_________________
• Use blood vessels to deliver hormones to other
regions
Example: ______________________________
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Epithelium
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Epithelial Tissue
Checkpoints
4-1
What are the three basic shapes of epithelial cells?
4-2
What are the two categories of glands based on
their method of secretion?
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Epithelial Tissue
Pop Quiz
4.1
You are studying a slide in anatomy lab. You see
several layers of tile-shaped cells. What tissue is
most likely on the slide?
A) Simple columnar epithelium
B) Stratified columnar epithelium
C) Simple squamous epithelium
D) Stratified squamous epithelium
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Epithelial Tissue
Pop Quiz Answer
4.1
You are studying a slide in anatomy lab. You see
several layers of tile-shaped cells. What tissue is
most likely on the slide?
A) Simple columnar epithelium
B) Stratified columnar epithelium
C) Simple squamous epithelium
D) Stratified squamous epithelium
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Epithelium
Pop Quiz
4.2
Which is an example of an endocrine gland?
A) Glands secrete hydrochloric acid into the
stomach.
B) Pancreas secretes insulin, which regulates blood
sugar.
C) Respiratory epithelium secretes mucus on its
surface.
D) Salivary glands secrete enzymes into the mouth.
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Epithelium
Pop Quiz Answer
4.2
Which is an example of an endocrine gland?
A) Glands secrete hydrochloric acid into the
stomach.
B) Pancreas secretes insulin, which regulates blood
sugar.
C) Respiratory epithelium secretes mucus on its
surface.
D) Salivary glands secrete enzymes into the mouth.
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Connective Tissue
Learning
1. I can name the four main groups
of tissues and give the location
and general characteristics of
each.
3. I can give examples of circulating,
generalized, and structural
connective tissues.
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Connective Tissue
Overview
• The supporting fabric of the ____________
• Contains large amounts of matrix between_________
• Categorized by physical properties
– _____________ connective tissue
– _____________ connective tissue
– _____________ connective tissue
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Connective Tissue
Circulating Connective Tissue
• Fluid connective tissue that travels in ______________
• Carries ______________________________________
______________________________________________
Type
Description
Locations
Cells in a fluid matrix
Circulates through heart and in
blood vessels
Fluid derived from blood
plasma
Circulates in lymphatic vessels
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Connective Tissue
Generalized Connective Tissue
• Widely distributed and not _______________________
• Two types
– _______________
– _______________
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Connective Tissue
Loose Connective Tissue
• ____________________________________________
• Provides support and ___________________________
Type
Description
Locations
Cells in Loose mixture of
cells and fibers in a semiliquid matrix; abundant
throughout body
Around organs and vessels, in
membranes, under skin
Composed of cells modified Padding around organs and
to store fat; insulates the
joints, under skin
body and is stored in
tissues as energy supply
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 4-4 Circulating and generalized (loose) connective
tissue.
Which of these tissues has the most fibers? Which of these tissues is modified for
storage?
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Connective Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue
• Firm matrix with large numbers of_________________
• ____________________________________________
• Provides protection, support, _____________________
Type
Description
Locations
Mostly collagen fibers in
random arrangement
Fibrous membranes, capsules
Mostly collagen fibers in
parallel alignment
Ligaments, tendons
Mostly elastic fibers; can
stretch and return to
original size
Blood vessel walls, respiratory
passages
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Connective Tissue
Structural Connective Tissue
• Strongest and firmest connective tissue
• Mainly associated with _______________________
• Two types
– ____________________
– ____________________
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Connective Tissue
Cartilage
• Strong and flexible with a solid matrix
• Provides protection, structure, shock absorption, and
elasticity
Type
Description
Locations
Tough, translucent
Covers ends of bones, makes
up tip of nose, connects ribs to
sternum, reinforces larynx and
trachea
Firm, rigid
Between vertebrae, in anterior
pubic joint, knee joint
High in elastic fibers;
can stretch and return
to original size
Larynx, epiglottis, outer ear
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Connective Tissue
Bone
• Solid matrix hardened with _____________________
• Makes up ___________________________________
• Gives structure, support, and ___________________
• Works with __________________________________
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 4-5 Generalized (dense) and structural connective
tissue.
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Connective Tissue
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Connective Tissue
Checkpoints
4-3
What is the general name for the intercellular
material in connective tissue?
4-4
What protein makes up the main fibers in
connective tissue?
4-5
Give some examples of circulating, generalized, and
structural connective tissue.
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Connective Tissue
Pop Quiz
4.3
Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to
A) Bone
B) Fat
C) Muscle
D) Tendon
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Connective Tissue
Pop Quiz Answer
4.3
Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to
A) Bone
B) Fat
C) Muscle
D) Tendon
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Connective Tissue
Pop Quiz
4.4
You are studying a slide of a body tissue in anatomy
lab. You see a few, similar cells that do not contact
each other and many thick collagen fibers oriented
in the same direction. What tissue is most likely on
the slide?
A) Areolar connective tissue
B) Dense connective tissue
C) Stratified epithelial tissue
D) Transitional epithelial tissue
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Connective Tissue
Pop Quiz Answer
4.4
You are studying a slide of a body tissue in anatomy
lab. You see a few, similar cells that do not contact
each other and many thick collagen fibers oriented
in the same direction. What tissue is most likely on
the slide?
A) Areolar connective tissue
B) Dense connective tissue
C) Stratified epithelial tissue
D) Transitional epithelial tissue
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Muscle Tissue
Learning Outcomes
1. Name the four main groups of
tissues and give the location and
general characteristics of each.
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Muscle Tissue
Types
• Skeletal muscle
– Voluntary
– Striated
• Cardiac muscle (myocardium)
– Involuntary
– Contains intercalated disks
• Smooth muscle (visceral muscle)
– Involuntary
– Unstriated
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 4-6 Muscle tissue.
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Muscle Tissue
Checkpoints
4-6
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Muscle Tissue
Pop Quiz
4.4
Which tissue is striated and under involuntary
control?
A) Areolar connective tissue
B) Cardiac muscle tissue
C) Skeletal muscle tissue
D) Smooth muscle tissue
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Muscle Tissue
Pop Quiz Answer
4.4
Which tissue is striated and under involuntary
control?
A) Areolar connective tissue
B) Cardiac muscle tissue
C) Skeletal muscle tissue
D) Smooth muscle tissue
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Nervous Tissue
Learning Outcomes
1. Name the four main groups of
tissues and give the location and
general characteristics of each.
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Nervous Tissue
Overview
•Nervous tissue makes up body’s communication system
•Nervous system components
– Brain
– Nerves
– Spinal cord
•Cell types
– Neuron
– Neuroglia
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Nervous Tissue
The Neuron
• Basic unit of nervous tissue
• Neurons transmit nerve impulses.
• Parts of a neuron
– Body
– Fibers
• Dendrites
• Axon
• A nerve is a bundle of nerve fibers held together with
connective tissue.
• Some nerve fibers are myelinated.
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Nervous Tissue
Neuroglia
• Support and protect nervous tissue
– Some protect brain from harmful substances
– Some get rid of foreign organisms and cellular debris
– Some form myelin sheath around axons
• Do not transmit nerve impulses
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 4-7 Nervous tissue.
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Nervous Tissue
Checkpoints
4-7
What is the basic cell of the nervous system and
what is its function?
4-8
What are the nonconducting support cells of the
nervous system called?
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Nervous Tissue
Pop Quiz
4.5
Which fiber conducts a nerve impulse away from a
neuron cell body?
A) Axon
B) Dendrite
C) Fibril
D) Oligocyte
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Nervous Tissue
Pop Quiz Answer
4.5
Which fiber conducts a nerve impulse away from a
neuron cell body?
A) Axon
B) Dendrite
C) Fibril
D) Oligocyte
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Membranes
Learning Outcomes
4. Describe three types of
epithelial membranes.
5. List several types of connective
tissue membranes.
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Membranes
• Thin sheets of tissue
• Functions of membranes
– Cover surfaces
– Serve as dividers
– Line hollow organs or body cavities
– Anchor organs
– Secrete lubricants to ease the movement of organs
• Two main categories
– Epithelial membranes
– Connective tissue membranes
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Membranes
Epithelial Membranes
• Outer surface is made of epithelium
Type
Description
Serous membranes
Line body cavities and cover internal organs
Mucous membranes
Line tubes and ducts that open to outside of
the body
Cutaneous membrane
Commonly known as skin
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Membranes
Serous Membranes
• Line body cavities and cover internal organs
• Do not connect to the outside of the body
• Secrete serous fluid that acts as a lubricant
Type
Description
Pleurae
- Parietal layer lines thoracic cavity
- Visceral layer covers lungs
Serous pericardium
- Parietal layer lines pericardial sac
- Visceral layer covers heart
Peritoneum
- Parietal layer lines abdominal cavity
- Visceral layer covers abdominal organs
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 4-8 Organization of serous membranes.
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Membranes
Mucous Membranes
• Line tubes and ducts that open to outside of the body
• Vary in structure and function
– Trap and remove foreign particles
– Protect deeper tissue
– Absorb food materials
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Membranes
Connective Tissue Membranes
• Composed of connective tissue with no epithelium
Type
Description
Synovial
membranes
- Line joint cavities and secrete synovial fluid, which
lubricates joints
- Line small cushioning sacs near joints called bursae
Meninges
- Cover brain and spinal cord
Fascia
- Superficial fascia underneath skin insulates body
- Deep fascia covers, separates, and protects skeletal
muscles
Membranes
that
surround
organs
- Fibrous pericardium surrounds the heart
- Periosteum surrounds bone
- Perichondrium surrounds cartilage
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Membranes
Checkpoint
4-9
What are the three types of epithelial membranes?
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Membranes
Pop Quiz
4.6
Which membrane contains epithelial tissue?
A) Bursa
B) Fascia
C) Meninges
D) Pleura
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Membranes
Pop Quiz Answer
4.6
Which membrane contains epithelial tissue?
A) Bursa
B) Fascia
C) Meninges
D) Pleura
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Tissues and Aging
• Tissues lose elasticity as they age.
– Skin
– Blood vessels
– Tendons and ligaments
– Bones
– Muscles
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Figure 4-11 Atrophy of the brain.
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Case Study
Learning Outcomes
6.
Using the case study, describe
the consequence of tissue
disease on organs and systems.
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Case Study
• Two-year-old Ben was diagnosed with cystic fibrosis
(CF).
• Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease of epithelial tissue
inherited from his parents.
– Defective CF gene results in production of abnormally
thick sticky mucus that affects the respiratory and
digestive systems.
• This case study illustrates the fact that tissue
abnormalities may result in body system abnormalities.
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Word Anatomy
Learning Outcomes
7.
Show how word parts are used
to build words related to tissues,
glands, and membranes.
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Word Anatomy
Word Part
Meaning
Example
hist/o
tissue
Histology is the study of tissues.
epi-
on, upon
Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces.
pseud/o-
false
Pseudostratified epithelium appears to
be in multiple layers but is not.
chondr/o
cartilage
A chondrocyte is a cartilage cell.
oste/o
bone, bone
tissue
An osteocyte is a mature bone cell.
my/o
muscle
The myocardium is the heart muscle.
neur/o
nerve, nervous
system
A neuron is a nerve cell.
pleur/o
side, rib
The pleurae are membranes that libe
the chest cavity
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Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins