Chapter 10
Motivation and Emotion
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Theories of Motivation
Hunger, Obesity, and Eating Disorders
Motivation in Everyday Life
Emotion
Pursuit of Happiness
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Motivation
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the force that moves people to
behave, think, and feel as they do
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energizes, directs, and sustains
behavior
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Theories of Motivation
Evolutionary Approach
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instincts
Drive Reduction Theory
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drives, needs, and homeostasis
Optimum Arousal Theory
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Yerkes-Dodson law
overlearning
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Biology of Hunger
Gastric signals
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stomach contractions
cholecystokinin (CCK)
Blood chemistry
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glucose
insulin
leptin
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Hunger and the Brain
Hypothalamus
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lateral hypothalamus
initiation of hunger and eating
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ventromedial hypothalamus
cessation of hunger and eating
Neurotransmitters
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Obesity and Eating Behavior
Obesity is widespread.
Biology of Overeating
genetics
set point
fat (adipose) cells
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Obesity and Eating Behavior
Psychological Factors
In the past, the focus was on
 emotional state
 external food cues
Current research is focusing on
 time and place cues
 sugar and fat content
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Disordered Eating
Anorexia Nervosa
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relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation
more common among females
main characteristics
less than 85% of normal weight
unsupported fear of gaining weight
distorted body image
amenorrhea
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medical dangers and mortality
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Disordered Eating
Bulimia Nervosa
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binge-and-purge
more common among females
preoccupied with food
fearful, depressed, anxious, shame
medical dangers
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Disordered Eating
Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia
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sociocultural
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media images
family interactions
biological
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genetics
serotonin regulation
neurological effects of dieting, binging, purging
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Disordered Eating
Binge Eating Disorder
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recurrent episodes of compulsively eating large
amounts of food
despite not being hungry, eat quickly to point of
discomfort
8% of the obese have BED
causes include biological factors (genetics, dopamine,
stress)
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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sequence of needs
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basic needs must be met before
higher needs can be satisfied
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self-actualization (motivation to
develop to our fullest potential)
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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Self-Determination Theory
Three Basic Organismic Needs
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competence
self-efficacy, mastery, expectations for success
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relatedness
warm relations with others, need to belong
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autonomy
independence and self-reliance
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Intrinsic v. Extrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation
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organismic needs + enjoyability
key to achievement
Extrinsic Motivation
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incentives (rewards, punishments)
Does extrinsic motivation undermine
intrinsic motivation?
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Self Regulation
Self regulation is the process by which an
organism controls behavior in order to
pursue important objectives.
Goal Setting
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specific
moderately challenging
long term purpose
short term accomplishment
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Resisting Temptation
Delay of Gratification
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putting off pleasurable experience
knowing there will be future payoff
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distraction helps us resist temptation
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Emotion
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a feeling, or affect, that can involve
physiological arousal, conscious
experience, and behavioral expression
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physiological arousal
Autonomic Nervous System
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Sympathetic Nervous System → arouses
Parasympathetic Nervous System → calms
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Measuring Arousal
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skin conductance level
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polygraph
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heart rate, breathing, SCL
neutral v. target questions
results do not reliably detect deception
Employee Polygraph Protection Act (1988)
fMRI may better detect deception
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Theories of Emotion
James-Lange Theory
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physiological arousal  emotion
perception of physiological changes
Cannon-Bard Theory
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emotional and physiological reactions
occur simultaneously
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Theories of Emotion
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Emotion and the Brain
Limbic System: Amygdala
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fear system: two pathways
thalamus ↔ amygdala
sensory cortex
persistence of emotional memories
Cerebral Hemispheres
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left hemisphere: approach-related emotions
right hemisphere: withdrawal-related emotions
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Brain Pathways of Fear
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Emotion: Cognitive Factors
Two-Factor Theory (Schachter/Singer)
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physiological arousal
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cognitive labeling
arousal  interpret external cues  label emotion
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Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
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Emotion: Factors
Emotion is a feeling, or affect, that can
involve physiological arousal, conscious
experience, and behavioral expression.
The Primacy Debate
Which comes first - feeling or thinking?
 Lazarus: appraisal determines feelings
 Zajonc: preferences need no inferences
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Emotion: Factors
Emotion is a feeling, or affect, that can
involve physiological arousal, conscious
experience, and behavioral expression.
Behavioral Factors
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verbal or nonverbal
nonverbal - facial expression, posture, gestures
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Emotion: Behavioral Factors
Identifying Facial Expressions
happiness, anger, sadness, surprise, disgust, fear
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
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facial expression can influence emotions
supports the James-Lange theory of emotions
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Identifying Emotions
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Emotion: Sociocultural Factors
Comparative Perspectives
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expression of emotions similar across cultures
display rules do vary across cultures
Computer Communication
 emoticons
Gender Influences
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stereotypes
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Classifying Emotions
Valence
positive v. negative affect
Arousal Level
active and engaged v. passive and calm
High
Low
Positive
Ecstasy
Contentment
Negative
Fury
Boredom
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Adaptive Function of Emotions
Negative Emotions
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take immediate corrective action
Positive Emotions
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broaden-and-build model
Resilience
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positive outlook
emotional wisdom
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Pursuit of Happiness
Biological Factors
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genetics
set point
Obstacles
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hedonic treadmill
direct pursuit can backfire
Happiness Activities & Goal Striving
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altruism, physical activity, positive self-reflection
personally meaningful goal investment
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Chapter Summary
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Describe the evolutionary, drive reduction,
and optimum arousal theories of motivation.
Explain the physiological basis of hunger
and the nature of eating behavior.
Distinguish the competing theories of
emotion.
Characterize the range of factors affecting
emotions.
Classify emotions.
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter Summary
Theories of Motivation
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drive reduction and optimum arousal theories
Hunger
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biological and psychological influences
obesity and eating disorders
Non-Biological Theories of Motivation
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Maslow’s hierarchy
self-determination and self regulation
intrinsic v. extrinsic motivations
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter Summary
Emotion
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physiological arousal
James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and two-factor theory
nonverbal expression
sociocultural factors
classifying emotion
Pursuit of Happiness
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.