NORTH
SOUTH

Growth of industrialization

Cotton is leading cash crop

Specialization and
machinery allow for mass
production.

Industry limited due to lack
of capital and market
demand.
NORTH
SOUTH

Roads, canals, and
railroads being built.

Natural waterways chief
means of transportation.

Locomotives improve
during this era.

Canals and roads are poor.

Railroads are limited
NORTH

Many people move to cities
to work.

Cities grow crowded and
many live in unhealthy and
unsafe conditions.

African Americans suffer
discrimination and have
few rights.
SOUTH

Plantation owners farm
large plots of land and are
self sufficient.

Tenant farmers farm small
tracts of land.

Enslaved African
Americans do most of the
work on plantations.
NORTH
SOUTH
Population in 1860
Population in 1860
White
(98%)
White
(66%)
African
American
(2%)
African
American
(34%)

Manifest Destiny – westward expansion - idea
that the United States boundaries should extend
from Atlantic to the Pacific.

Leads to how new states would be admitted to
Union (Free versus Slave)

Leads to the Bigger issue, it would unbalance
the number of free and slave states represented
in Congress.

Slavery Opposed in North, Protected in South

Louisiana Purchase – 1803

Florida – 1819

Annexation of Texas – 1845

Oregon Country – 1846

Mexican War and Mexican Cession – 1846-1848

Gadsden Purchase – 1853




Missouri Compromise (1820)
First argument in Congress about number of
Free versus Slave states.
Compromise of 1850
Second argument in Congress about number
of Free versus Slave states.


Slave Codes –
Illegal for slaves to gather in large groups, can not teach
them to read or write, must have pass to be off owners
property.


Fugitive Slave Act –
all citizens required to help capture and return enslaved
African Americans. Subject to fines and prison if you
helped.


Underground Railroad –
Series of trails that lead escaped slaves to safe houses on
their way to freedom in the North. Operated by
conductors.

William Lloyd Garrison – wanted all slaves freed – communicated
this in The Liberator.

Fredrick Douglas – escaped slave that taught himself to read and
write, advocated for slaves rights.

Harriet Tubman – escaped slave that was a conductor on the
Underground Railroad.

Sojourner Truth – escaped slave who advocated for abolition and
women’s rights.

Harriet Beecher Stowe – wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin – anti slavery
book about a long suffering black slave. This helped fuel the
abolitionist's cause, 2nd best selling book of the 19th century.

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)-

Taken to North by owner, owner died and abolitionist groups helped sue
for freedom

*Supreme Court findings – was a slave not a citizen, was considered
property regardless of free soil, Missouri compromise and popular
sovereignty unconstitutional for determining slavery.

Outraged anti slavery groups and pleased southerners. Divided country
even more.

North Carolina v. Mann (1830) –

Slave shot and wounded her master while trying to escape a whipping.

*State Ruling - slave owners had absolute authority over their slaves and
could not be found guilt of committing violence against them.

Third argument in Congress about number of
Free versus Slave states.

Showed North that South could not
compromise. Tensions grew!

Bleeding Kansas (1856)

Result of popular sovereignty pro and anti slavery groups rushed people
to territory to influence voting in their favor.

Opposing forces clashed and many died until order was restored 5-6
months later.

John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, Virginia (winter 1857-58)

Small group of white’s and free African Americans raid an arsenal to arm
slaves and spark an uprising.

Failed – Brown was tried, found guilty, and hung.

Rally point for abolitionists, South saw this as a Northern Conspiracy
against them and their way of life.

Anti slavery Whigs and Democrats along with Free Soil created Republican Party
in 1854 – challenged pro slavery Whigs and Democrats

Lincoln narrowly defeats Douglas, Breckenridge, and Bell.

Democratic party split along party lines because of slavery (3 candidates)

Lincoln and Republicans believe slavery would be left alone where it existed but
not allowed to spread to territories.

Lincoln won mainly on Northern votes who out voted the South (larger
population)

South did not trust Lincoln and Republicans

Believed Lincoln’s election would encourage slave revolts and other undesirable
consequences.

South votes to secede from Union starting with South Carolina, others follow.
Leads to Fort Sumter and US Civil War.