Fig. 9-1, p. 183
Fig. 9-2, p. 185
Passenger
pigeon
Great auk
Dodo
Golden toad
Aepyornis
(Madagascar)
Fig. 9-2, p. 185
Fig. 9-3, p. 186
Number of
species
existing
Effects of a 0.1% extinction rate
5 million
5,000 extinct per year
14 million
50 million
100 million
0
14,000 extinct per year
50,000 extinct per year
100,000 extinct per year
50
100
150
Number of years until one million
species are extinct
200
Fig. 9-3, p. 186
Fig. 9-4, p. 187
Grizzly
bear
Kirkland’s
warbler
Knowlton
cactus
Florida
manatee
African
elephant
Utah prairie Swallowtail Humpback Golden lion Siberian
tiger
dog
tamarin
chub
butterfly
Giant
panda
Mountain
gorilla
Black-footed Whooping Northern Blue whale
crane spotted owl
ferret
Florida
panther
California Hawksbill
Black
condor
sea turtle rhinoceros
Fig. 9-4, p. 187
Fig. 9-5, p. 188
Characteristic
Examples
Low reproductive
rate (K-strategist)
Blue whale, giant
panda, rhinoceros
Specialized
niche
Narrow
distribution
Blue whale, giant
panda, Everglades
kite
Elephant seal,
desert pupfish
Feeds at high
trophic level
Bengal tiger, bald
eagle, grizzly bear
Fixed
migratory
patterns
Rare
Blue whale,
whooping crane,
sea turtle
African violet,
some orchids
Commercially
valuable
Snow leopard, tiger,
elephant, rhinoceros,
rare plants and birds
Large territories
California condor,
grizzly bear, Florida
panther
Fig. 9-5, p. 188
Characteristic
Examples
Low reproductive
rate (K-strategist)
Blue whale, giant
panda, rhinoceros
Specialized
niche
Narrow
distribution
Blue whale, giant
panda, Everglades
kite
Elephant seal,
desert pupfish
Feeds at high
trophic level
Bengal tiger, bald
eagle, grizzly bear
Fixed
migratory
patterns
Rare
Commercially
valuable
Large territories
Blue whale,
whooping crane,
sea turtle
African violet,
some orchids
Snow leopard, tiger,
elephant, rhinoceros,
rare plants and birds
California condor,
grizzly bear, Florida
panther
Stepped Art
Fig. 9-5, p. 188
Fig. 9-6, p. 189
Fishes
34% (51% of freshwater species)
Amphibians
32%
Mammals
25%
20%
Reptiles
Plants
Birds
14%
12%
Fig. 9-6, p. 189
Fig. 9-7, p. 189
Fig. 9-8, p. 190
Pacific yew
Taxus brevifolia,
Pacific Northwest
Ovarian cancer
Rauvolfia
Rauvolfia sepentina,
Southeast Asia
Anxiety, high blood
pressure
Foxglove
Digitalis purpurea,
Europe
Digitalis for heart
failure
Cinchona
Cinchona ledogeriana,
South America
Quinine for malaria
treatment
Rosy periwinkle
Cathranthus roseus,
Madagascar
Hodgkin's disease,
lymphocytic leukemia
Neem tree
Azadirachta indica,
India
Treatment of many
diseases, insecticide,
spermicide
Fig. 9-8, p. 190
Fig. 9-9, p. 191
Fig. 9-10, p. 193
NATURAL CAPITAL
DEGRADATION
Causes of Depletion and Premature Extinction of Wild Species
Underlying Causes
• Population growth
• Rising resource use
• Undervaluing natural capital
• Poverty
Direct Causes
• Habitat loss
• Pollution
• Commercial hunting and poaching
• Habitat degradation and
fragmentation
• Introduction of nonnative
species
• Climate change
• Sale of exotic pets and decorative
plants
• Overfishing
• Predator and pest control
Fig. 9-10, p. 193
Fig. 9-11, p. 194
Fig. 9-11a, p. 194
Indian Tiger
Range 100 years ago
Range today
Fig. 9-11a, p. 194
Fig. 9-11b, p. 194
Black Rhino
Range in 1700
Range today
Fig. 9-11b, p. 194
Fig. 9-11c, p. 194
African Elephant
Probable range 1600
Range today
Fig. 9-11c, p. 194
Fig. 9-11d, p. 194
Asian or Indian Elephant
Former range
Range today
Fig. 9-11d, p. 194
Indian
Tiger
Range 100 years ago
Range today
African
Elephant
Probable range 1600
Range today
Black
Rhino
Range in 1700
Range today
Asian or Indian
Elephant
Former range
Range today
Stepped Art
Fig. 9-11, p. 194
Fig. 9-12, p. 195
Number of
bird species
609
400
200
1
Fig. 9-12, p. 195
Fig. 9-13, p. 196
Cerulean warbler Sprague’s pipit Bichnell’s thrush Black-capped
vireo
Golden-cheeked
warbler
Florida scrub jay
Bachman's warbler
California Kirtland's warbler
gnatcatcher
Henslow's
sparrow
Fig. 9-13, p. 196
Fig. 9-14, p. 199
Fig. 9-14a, p. 199
Deliberately Introduced Species
Purple
loosestrife
Marine toad
(Giant toad)
European
starling
African honeybee
(“Killer bee”)
Water hyacinth
Japanese
beetle
Nutria
Hydrilla
Salt cedar
(Tamarisk)
European wild
boar (Feral pig)
Fig. 9-14a, p. 199
Fig. 9-14b, p. 199
Accidentally Introduced Species
Sea lamprey
(attached to
lake trout)
Argentina fire
ant
Formosan termite Zebra mussel
Brown tree
snake
Asian longhorned beetle
Eurasian ruffe Common pigeon
(Rock dove)
Asian tiger
mosquito
Gypsy moth
larvae
Fig. 9-14b, p. 199
Deliberately introduced species
Purple
European
loosestrife starling
Marine toad
(Giant toad)
African honeybee Nutria
(“Killer bee”)
Water
hyacinth
Japanese
beetle
Hydrilla
Salt cedar
(Tamarisk)
European wild
boar (Feral pig)
Accidentally introduced species
Sea lamprey
(attached to
lake trout)
Formosan
termite
Argentina
fire ant
Zebra
mussel
Brown tree
snake
Eurasian
ruffe
Common pigeon
(Rock dove)
Asian long- Asian tiger Gypsy moth
horned beetle mosquito
larvae
Stepped Art
Fig. 9-14, p. 199
Fig. 9-15, p. 200
Fig. 9-16, p. 200
Fig. 9-17, p. 201
Fig. 9-18, p. 201
Fig. 9-19, p. 202
DDT in fish-eating
birds (ospreys)
25 ppm
DDT in large fish
(needle fish)
2 ppm
DDT in small
fish (minnows)
0.5 ppm
DDT in
zooplankton
0.04 ppm
DDT in water
0.000003 ppm,
or 3 ppt
Fig. 9-19, p. 202
DDT in fish-eating
birds (ospreys)
25 ppm
DDT in large fish
(needle fish)
2 ppm
DDT in small
fish (minnows)
0.5 ppm
DDT in
zooplankton
0.04 ppm
DDT in water
0.000003 ppm,
or 3 ppt
Stepped Art
Fig. 9-19, p. 202
Fig. 9-20, p. 203
Fig. 9-21, p. 204
Fig. 9-A, p. 205
Fig. 9-22, p. 206
Fig. 9-23, p. 208
Fig. 9-24, p. 210