Revising Your Sentences
Identify if each sentence is correct or incorrect:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Have been made throughout history and
continue to be made today.
Most of the mathematical notation in use
today not invented until at least the 16th
century.
Because mathematical language can be
challenging for beginners.
Since the last war on Gaza.
The man with the blue jeans.
These have incomplete ideas and end too quickly. They are
called sentence fragments.
Sentence fragment
 Sentence
fragment is a part of a sentence,
not a complete sentence. It is a fragment
because it lacks a subject or a verb and/or
does not have a complete idea.
A sentence fragment consists of one or all of the
following:
1. Dependent Clause
Because I was quite busy
2. A phrase

To visit Cairo during summer
3- Missing a main verb (subject-verb relationship)
Living in a big family of 10 people
Correct the sentence fragments
1. He opened the door and let us into his home.
Not realizing at the time that we would never
enter that door in his home again.
2. Having very little time for anything else.
3. The small, one-story houses are all the same
size and style. With no difference except the
color.
4. Flowers that are freshly cut.
5. When you drive in the city during the
evening rush hour
6. After the coach encouraged him so much last
year and he seemed to improve with each
passing game.
7. The scene was filled with beauty. Such as the
sun sending its brilliant rays to the earth.
8. The jar on top of the refrigerator
9. To apply for a job at the new store in the
mall.
10. Seeing my friend at the concert.
11. The good news being that animals help
reduce blood pressure and signs of stress.
What is a Run-on Sentence?
A
run-on is a sentence error caused by
running one sentence into another, without
putting any punctuation in between.

We all like writing we all love this class.
Run-on
What Is a Comma Splice?
,
A
comma splice is a sentence error caused
by putting only a comma between two
complete sentences.
 We
all like writing , we all love this class.
How Can I Correct Comma Splices and
Run-ons? The FIRST way is to…
1. Separate them with a period, creating two
complete sentences.
STOP
We all like writing .
We all love this class.
How Can I Correct Comma Splices and
Run-ons? The SECOND way is to…
2. Join the two sentences with a comma and one
of the FANBOYS.
FOR, AND, NOR, BUT, OR, YET, SO

We all like writing , and we all love this class.
Which is correct?
1.
I have a back problem I usually go to a
chiropractor.
2.
I have a back problem, so I usually go to a
chiropractor.
Which is correct?
1.
Tanya got an excellent grade on her test, She
studied really hard.
2.
Tanya got an excellent grade on her test, for
she studied really hard.
Which is correct?
1.
2.
I’ve been given a number of new
duties, for example, I now have to do
all the filing.
I’ve been given a number of new
duties. I now have to do all the filing.
Which is correct?
1.
Ali did not agree with the method he was
taught, he found other means to solve the
problem.
2.
Ali did not agree with the method he was
taught, so he found other means to solve the
problem.
Correct the following run-on and comma splice:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Insects are the most varied creatures on Earth they
share certain common features.
There are many similar and related organisms,
none have all the same traits that insects share.
Roosters begin to crow at dawn, they seem to
bring a farm to life.
Bees and wasps enable crops to grow caterpillars
and beetles can devour these crops.
He decided to stop smoking, he didn’t want to die
of lung cancer.
The store owner watched the shopper carefully she
suspected him of stealing from her before.
Complex Sentences
A complex sentence contains at least one
independent clause and one (or more)
dependent clause.
John cannot focus on his study
Independent Clause
because there is so much noise outside.
Subordinating
Conjunction
Dependent Clause
Complex Sentences
She will go to college in the city
Independent Clause
after she finds a job.
Subordinating
Conjunction
Dependent Clause
Activity 3: Join the following sentences to form complex sentences:
1. Jim ran all the way to school. Jim was late
this morning.
2. We won’t be able to play. The crowd stops
shouting.
3. The men always have to wait in a line. The
line is long.
4. I think about my third grade teacher. I have
a warm feeling inside.
5. The milk spoiled. It was two weeks old.
6. He was upset about his toy. It was broken.
7. The play started. We were not allowed to talk.
8. Loud noise is especially harmful. It damages
the ear drums.
9. Ali handed in his homework. He forgot to
hand the teacher the last page.
10. The teacher returned the homework. She
noticed the error.
11. They finished studying. Jack and Maria
went to the movies.
12. The students were silent. The teacher
handed out the test.
Parallelism
Making your
Sentence
Structure Clear!!
Parallel structure
 Examples
of parallel structures:
1. I plan to write the report, plan the
timetable and send the invoice.
2. He was talking on the phone and
doing his assignment at the same time.
3. We expect that the dinner will be
over by 9 p.m. and that we’ll be
home by 10.
Clauses
Parallel structure that begins with clauses must
continue on with clauses.
The coach told the players that they should get
a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too
much, and to do some warm-up exercises
before the game.
 The coach told the players that they should get
a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too
much, and that they should do some warm-up
exercises before the game
1. During our vacation in Egypt, we hope
__________, to enjoy beautiful sunsets,
and to visit amazing ancient places.
A. that we eat delicious seafood
B. that eating delicious seafood occurs
C. to eat delicious seafood
D. eating delicious seafood
PP 15-13a
2. I do not ever want to be friends with
Adam because he is too talkative, too
noisy, and _________.
A.because he the most impolite person I
have ever met.
B. too impolite.
C. being the most impolite person I have
ever met.
D. lacks politeness.
PP 15-13a
3. Pasta boiling in water, __________,
and garlic bread baking in the oven
welcomed Fadi as he opened the door.
A.simmered tomato sauce in the pan
B.tomato sauce simmering in the pan
C.tomato sauce that simmered in the pan
D. saucy tomatoes that were simmering
in the pan
PP 15-13a
Activity 5: Rewrite each sentence to fix all parallelism errors
1.
2.
3.
4.
It is easier to tell the truth than lying to
people you love.
Managing your money well is to be prepared
for the future.
Our coach demands three things of his
players: hard work, that they have personal
integrity, and self-discipline.
The doctors moved quickly to wash the
wound, disinfect it, and applying a sterile
dressing.
5. When I saw my exam mark, I felt worried,
angry, and embarrassment as well.
6. The witness described the suspect as tall,
light-skinned, and with a beard.
7. In English class, Tim learned to read poems
critically and he appreciated prose.
8. A consumer group rates my car as noisy,
expensive, and not having much safety.
9. Single life offers more freedom of choice;
more security is offered by marriage.
To Succeed in a job interview you should take
these recommendations, you Should prepare
yourself good, you must dress for
professionally and you should Arrive early, in
addition to take enough time in the rest room
before you go in, to Organize your ideas
related to a job field, make sure you have a
positive attitude, by Talking about your
achievements and your skill, always tell the
truth in your Answers and your opinion, finally
you will be better if those recommendations
were Taken.
Comma, Colon & Semicolon
Rules on Using Comma
1. After introductory words
 During the summer of 1999, we
visited Spain.
 Unfortunately, we did not speak
Spanish.
 Finally, we arrived at our hotel.
Rules on Using Comma
2. Before coordinating conjunctions,
FANBOYS
We are bringing sandwiches,
and Tom is bringing soft drinks
to the picnic.
 We don't need to bring raincoats,
for the sun is shining brightly.

Rules on Using Comma
3. After dependent clauses when
they begin a sentence
Although I was sick, I went to
my classes.
 Because it was raining, the
game was cancelled.

Rules on Using Comma
4. To separate certain phrases from the rest of the
sentence; To separate extra information
Malaria, once a widespread disease,
is now under control.
 Mr. Obama, the President, said that
he would give his full support to the
proposal.
 The Amazon, the second longest
river, is 4,000 miles long.

Rules on Using Comma
5. To separate extra-information
adjective clause from the rest of the
sentence:
The Nile, which is the longest river
in the world, is 4,160 miles long.

My new computer, which I
bought
yesterday,
stopped
working today.

Rules on Using Comma
6. To separate elements in a
series
 The English professor adjusted
her glasses, arranged her notes,
greeted the students, and began
her lecture.
 Her room was spooky, cold,
dark, and dirty.
Activity 1: Add commas where needed:
1. Oil which is lighter than water rises to the
surface.
2. Nice is a word with many meanings and
some of them are contradictory.
3. After surviving this hardship my friend felt
relieved.
4. Glamour the woman's fashion magazine has
recently sold millions of copies.
5. Mr. and Mrs. Ali my parents' best friends sat
in front of us at the football game.
Activity 1: Add commas where needed:
6. To get tickets for this movie you have to
order three months in advance.
7. Chris didn’t see how he could organize
write and edit this paper in only two hours.
8. Dauphin Island located off the coast of
Alabama is a favorite spot for fishing.
9. Mark Adam my cousin hopes to graduate
from law school in two years.
10. The recipe needed jam flour sugar fruit
eggs ketchup and baking powder.
Rules on Using Colon
1- The colon is often used to introduce
a list of items:
 You will need to bring three things to the
party: some food, something to drink, and
a small gift for the hostess.
 In the bag were the following: scissors, a
hairbrush, and her address book.
 These are my favourite breakfast meals:
corn flakes, scrambled eggs, and peanut
butter toast.
Rules on Using Colon
2- You can also use a colon to introduce an idea, an
explanation or a definition of something:
I'll tell you what I'm going to do: I'm going to
quit!
 These are the things I look for in a new house:
modern, spacious, and luxurious.


We have to stop doing these harmful things:
polluting the rivers, burning fossil fuels, and
using our cars.

Elephant (noun): a large, grey mammal found
in Africa and India.
Rules on Using Semicolon
1. The semi-colon is often used to join
together two independent clauses which
are closely related in meaning.
 Mary drives a Mercedes; Joanne drives
a Toyota.
 He ate six sandwiches; he also got a
stomachache.
always slept with the light on; he
was afraid of the dark.
Tom
Rules on Using Semicolon
2. The semi-colon is also used in compound
sentences to join two independent clauses,
especially with conjunctive adverbs such as
however,
furthermore,
moreover,
nevertheless, as a result, for example, on the
other hand, etc.
 He was very ill; therefore, he decided to
take the day off.
 He was poor; however, he lived happily.
Activity2: Punctuate the following sentences:
1. professor smith is at a conference however dr
jones who is the president will be here soon
2. my favorite hobbies include going to movies
reading novels and participating in sports
3. the future of our wild animals is uncertain for
example illegal shooting and chemical
poisoning threaten the bald eagle
4. some people feel that grades are unnecessary
others feel grades motivate students
5. advertising is essential to the free enterprise
system yet it can sometimes be very annoying
6. the library offers many special services the
student learning center the phonorecord library
and group study rooms
7. to check a book out of the library you should
follow these procedures write down the call
number of the book find the book bring it to the
circulation desk fill out the card and show your
i.d.
8. I have only one thing to say to you get off
my land
9. even if you fail at least you tried and youre a
better person for it
Although many people enjoy coffee they find
that it can make them nervous if they drink too
much of it caffeine which is the primary active
ingredient in coffee can become addictive many
people find that when they try to quit drinking
coffee they often develop headaches and other
symptoms of withdrawal furthermore it has
been found that caffeine may contribute to
breast disease in women under forty one must
admit however that there is nothing like a good
cup of coffee first thing in the morning
personally I cannot imagine life without it