DNA STUDY GUIDE!
STUDY!!! STUDY!!!! STUDY!!!!
1. WHAT DOES DNA STAND FOR?

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID!
2&3. SUBUNITS OF DNA?
NUCLEOTIDE!
 Made of three parts:

Sugar
 Phosphate
 Base

4&5. SHAPE OF X-RAY PICTURE OF DNA?
Double Helix shape
 Picture taken by Rosalind Franklin

6. FOUR BASES IN DNA?
7. CHARGAFF’S RULE?
ADENINE and THYMINE
 GUANINE and CYTOSINE
 Base pairs always match up because they are
found in equal amounts!
 If there is 40% of Adenine there is 40% of
Thymine!
 If there is 20% of Cytosine there is 20% of
Guanine!

8. COMPLIMENTARY BASE PAIRS????
Orignal:
ATTCGCAGTCCATCTGCA
 Complimenatry: TAAGCGTCAGGTAGACGT


Grilled Cheese and Apple Tart!!!!
10. CHANGES IN THE DNA BASES?
Changes in an organism’s DNA bases is called a
mutation.
 There are 3 types of mutations:

Deletion – when a base is left out
 Insertion – when a base is added
 Substitution – when a base is replaced/changed.
 TGAGCC changes to TGAGAC what is it?????


Substitution of course!!!!!
MUTATIONS????


If a mutation is passed on to another generation
what type of cell is it found in….sex cell or body
cell???????
In a sex cell of course!!!! A sex cell is what gets
passed on to a new organism!
CAUSES OF MUTATIONS????
Radiation
 X –Rays
 Sun exposure
 Pesticides/Herbicides

GENETIC ENGINEERING????
Genetic Engineering is the transfer of genes from
one organism to another.
 Examples include:

Genetically modifying food to make it pest resistant
or better tasting
 Cloning organisms
 Therapeutic cloning to replace damaged cells in an
organism.

GENETIC ENGINEERING VS. SELECTIVE
BREEDING

Selective Breeding:
Choosing two organisms to sexually reproduce
 Example:


Genetic Engineering:
Inserting a gene into a different organism
 Does not require sexual reproduction

DNA REPLICATION!!!
DNA copies itself by going through replication.
(the beginning of mitosis)
 Steps to replication:

1. DNA adds the complimentary bases
 2. DNA splits down the middle
 3. The DNA strand separates and adds new bases to
the inside of the original strand.
 4. In the end = 2 new identical strands of DNA!!!
