Ecology Test Review
What is the study of organisms and
how they interact with each other and
other organisms and their
environment?
ECOLOGY
_______________ is the study human
populations.
__Demography__ is the study human
populations.
What is…
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
An organism?
A species?
A population?
A community?
An ecosystem?
A Biome
A Biosphere?
1. An organism? One member of a species
2. A species? An organism that can reproduce and
produce fertile offspring
3. A population? Group of organisms that belong to
the same species in an area
4. A community? Group of different populations in
an area
5. An ecosystem? Living and non-living things that
interact in an area
6. A Biome? A community of ecosystems with the
same characteristics such as climate
7. A Biosphere? Part of Earth that has life
(above, on, below surface)
How are
aquatic
ecosystems
classified?
How are aquatic
ecosystems
classified?
By…
Depth
Water Flow
Temperature
Water Chemistry
What is a microclimate?
What is a microclimate?
A climate that exists over a small area
and different from the surrounding
area and influenced by temperature
and precipitation.
Name the 5 factors that
contribute to the Earth’s climate.
Name the 5 factors that
contribute to the Earth’s climate.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Absorption of sun’s energy
Heat transport
Latitude
Land masses
Ocean currents
______ is where
an organism lives
and gets its needs
met?
(example: food,
air, shelter, etc.)
Habitat is where
an organism lives
and gets its needs
met?
(example: food,
air, shelter, etc.)
What is the difference between the
PHOTIC Zone and the APHOTIC Zone?
PHOTIC Zone = Light present which can reach
plant life (algae)
Zone =
What is the difference
between immigration
and emigration?
Immigration = going into
an area (can increase
population numbers)
Emigration = going out of
an area (can decrease
population numbers)
What is an invasive species?
Plants or animals that will reproduce
rapidly when introduced to a new area.
Why do organisms need
nutrients?
Why do organisms need
nutrients?
For all essential life functions!
What make their own food?
PRODUCERS
AUTOTROPHS
GREEN PLANTS
How are
green
plants
similar to
sulfur
bacteria
deep in the
oceans?
They both
produce
carbohydrates
for food.
Green plants by
photosynthesis
and bacteria by
chemosynthesis
___________ is the process that
bacteria convert nitrogen gas in
the air into ammonia?
Nitrogen fixation is the process
that bacteria convert nitrogen
gas in the air into ammonia?
__________ is when sulfur and
nitrogen combine in smog
(pollution) with water.
___Acid Rain_____ is when
sulfur and nitrogen combine in
smog (pollution) with water.
What need to find and eat food?
(carnivore, herbivore, omnivore)
Heterotrophs
Consumers
carnivore, herbivore, omnivore
Eats only meat
Eats only plants
Eats meat and plants
What digests and absorbs nutrients
from decaying organisms?
(Mushrooms, Bacteria)
DECOMPOSERS
What is an organism that eats
already dead animals?
Vultures & Hyenas
Scavengers
Vultures & Hyenas
_________ is an organism such
as a worm that feeds on animal
and plant remains.
Detritivore is an organism such
as a worm that feeds on animal
and plant remains.
What can be
recycled in
our
biosphere
and what
cannot be
recycled?
What can be
recycled?
MATTER
What cannot
be recycled?
ENERGY
What is this
structure
called?
Name and
describe each
trophic level.
How much
energy is
transferred
from lower
level to next?
What is this
structure called?
Biomass Pyramid
or Energy Pyramid
Name and describe
each level. See
labels
How much energy
is transferred from
lower level to next?
10%
What is each of the levels
called?
What is each of the levels called?
TROPHIC LEVEL
When 10% of the energy is transferred to
the next trophic level, what happens to
the other 90% of the energy?
Some is used for essential life processes
like movement, growing, reproduction,
etc. and some is used up as heat.
Find the calories available
to the next higher level
beginning with freshwater
shrimp and going up to
osprey.
How many calories
does the Northern
Pike need for its
daily living?
Divide by 10 each time
you go to the next higher
trophic level.
Northern
Pike uses 9
calories for
daily living.
Explain what this picture is
demonstrating.
This picture is demonstrating that as you go
higher on the biomass pyramid the concentration
of DDT (pesticide) increases .
What is this called?
Food Chain
What is this called?
Why does the arrow point
towards the consumer?
Food Web
Shows the transfer of energy from one
organism into another.
Biotic factor means…
Abiotic factor means…
Biotic factor means…
Living factors that
affect the
environment
Abiotic factor means…
Non-living factors that
affect the
environment.
Name some types of biotic and abiotic
factors will affect the size of a
population in a specific ecosystem?
______________ is influenced
by the average temperature
and precipitation in a particular
area.
CLIMATE is the average
temperature and precipitation
in a particular area.
What is the human factor?
A factor caused by human actions
such as pollution, all trees cut
down, or global warming.
What would cause an increase in
the atmospheric CO2 levels?
Increased burning of fossil fuels,
deforestation, mining, volcano!
________ is your habitat plus
your role in it (a relationship)
Mother/Child or Predator/Prey
Niche is your habitat plus your
role in it (a relationship)
Mother/Child or Predator/Prey
Why can’t two species occupy the same
niche in the same habitat at the same
time?
Due to the
Competitive Exclusion Principle
A___________ is 2 organisms that
depend on each other (they have
a niche in a relationship)
A__SYMBIOSIS____ is 2
organisms that depend on each
other (they have a niche in a
relationship)
___________ is when both organisms
help each other (+/+)
Ex: Bee & Flower
Shark & Remora fish
Lichen (algae/fungus)
_Mutualism__ is when both organisms
help each other (+/+)
Ex: Bee & Flower
Shark & Remora fish
Lichen (algae/fungus)
_______ is when one organism gets
helped and the other not affected (+/0)
(harmed or helped)
Ex: Bird nest/Tree
Barnacle/Whale
_Commensalism_ is when one organism
gets helped and the other not affected
(harmed or helped)
(+/0)
Ex: Bird nest/Tree
Barnacle/Whale
_________ is when one benefits (parasite)
and one is harmed (host) but not necessarily
killed
(+/-)
Ex: Tick (parasite)/Dog(host)
Mistletoe(parasite)/Deciduous Tree(host)
_Parasitism_ is when one benefits
(parasite) and one is harmed (host) but not
necessarily killed
(+/-)
Ex: Tick (parasite)/Dog(host)
Mistletoe(parasite)/Deciduous Tree(host)
What is predator vs. prey?
What is predator (lynx that kills)
vs. prey (rabbit that gets killed)
________________________ is the
maximum number of a particular species
that can be supported by a specific
environment.
__Carrying Capacity__ is the maximum
number of a particular species that can
be supported by a specific environment.
Be able to: explain what carrying capacity is,
determine the carrying capacity of population,
and explain what factors cause increases and
decreases in a population.
Be able to describe each Biome:
Tropical Rainforest
Tropical Rainforest:
•Found along the equator
• Temperature,
rainfall (250cm/yr), humidity
•Little humus and organic litter, poor soil.
•Very high biodiversity
Animal Adaptations
•Specialization among organisms
• biodiversity
Threats
•Deforestation - was 20% of Earth’s surface, now ONLY 7%
• Agriculture
Taiga
TAIGA
Taiga:
•Northern coniferous forests just south of the Arctic Circle
•Long cold winter 6-10 months
• Short growing seasons enhanced by constant sunlight.
•Snow precipitation
Plant Adaptations
• Conifer leaves are thin and waxy to retain water
• Cones protect seeds
Animal Adaptations
• High Biodiversity in the summer
• Birds migrate south in winter
• Animal fur is thick and insulated
Deserts
Deserts:
•There are many kinds of deserts.
•< 25 cm rainfall per year
•Soil is rich in minerals BUT little organic matter
•Rainshadow effect is when rain falls on the wind ward side of
___mountains__________
•Dry air is swept over the leeward side
Plant Adaptations
•Thick, fleshy stems with wax covering
•Spines to protect against predators
•Sudden growth spurts
Animal Adaptations
•Estivation
summer sleep
•Nocturnal
•Absorb water from food.
Threats
•Increasing residential areas
•Recreational vehicles
Tundra
Tundra:
•_Permafrost__________
permanently frozen layer of ground
6 in below the surface
•Dotted with pools of water lots of insects
•Treeless
Plant Adaptations
•Mosses and lichen covered rocks
•Short and woody plants
•Reproduce quickly in brief summer
Animal Adaptations
•Migratory birds
•Reindeer and caribou move to find food
•Small rodents burrow underground
Threats
•Oil removal and transportation
•Land easily damaged and slow to recover
Tropical Savannas
Tropical Savannas
Dry
Frequent fires
Grassy and smaller trees
Africa
All that learning made this
Bulldog tired!