NBS-M009
Revision Session November 2010
Topics Covered in Module
• Carbon Reduction Commitment
• Building Regulations
– Code for Sustainable Homes
• Regulation in Electricity Supply
– Implications on Diversity of Supply
– Connection Charges and the Triad Demand
• Renewable Electricity Options
– The Renewable Obligation
– Feed-in Tariffs
• Other Topics
• The Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation
• The Future: Integrated Obligations?
1
Carbon Reduction Commitment Energy Efficiency
Scheme - Changes since Comprehensive Spending Review
New Consultation Document – published 17th November 2010
• Timing of phases has been changed
• Phase 1 is extended for an additional year - i.e. until 2013 – 2014
• Phase 2 was originally to start in 2010 – 11 with qualification
year 2010 – 2011, Footprint year 2011- 2012 and first
compliance year 2012 – 2013
Qualifying Year
– Original Timescale for Phase 1
2008
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13
Footprint Year
with Annual
Report
R
– Revised Timescale Phase 1
2008
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
R
R
Registration Period
Compliance
Year with
Annual Report
Surrender of Allowances
2
Carbon Reduction Commitment Energy Efficiency
Scheme - Changes since Comprehensive Spending Review
• Timing of phases has been changed
• Revised Phase 1
Footprint Year
No Report
Qualifying
Year
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
R
• Phase 2 is delayed by 2 years – note change to Footprint Year
• Original Phase 2
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18
R
– Revised Timescale Phase 2
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19
R
Footprint Year
with Annual
Report
Compliance
Year with
Annual Report
R
Registration Period
Surrender of
Allowances
3
Carbon Reduction Commitment Energy Efficiency
Scheme - Changes since Comprehensive Spending Review
Subsequent Phases delayed by two years and will each last 7
years
Last Phase (7) starts in 2038 and runs to for 5 years to 2043
By amalgamating Footprint and First Annual Reporting
Year there will be one less reporting year in each Phase
saving
Removes requirement for those who fall just below threshold
and do not have to register from making Information
Disclosures – likely to affect ~ 15000 organisation.
4
Calculating Emissions to be included in CRC -EES
MUST: remove emissions
from exempted transport
and onward Supply
All Energy
Use
Emissions
All Energy Use
Emissions
Relevant
Emissions
Relevant
Emissions
Total Footprint
Emissions
Total
Footprint
Emissions
Regulated
Emissions
CRC
Emissions
Regulated
Emissions
CRC
Emissions
MUST: remove
100% of emissions
covered by CCA
exempt subsidiaries
CAN: remove up to
10% of emissions,
but not if measured
by regulated meters
or covered by CCA/
EU-ETS. MUST:
account for at least
90% of emissions
MUST: Remove all Emissions
covered by CCA and EU-ETS
5
CRC-EES Purchase of Allowances: Phase 1
During phase 1 and unlimited number of allowances will be
issued, but there will be a cap on total emissions in Phase 2
and thereafter.
• All Allowances will be purchased in April of relevant
year at a FIXED cost of £12 per tonne
• Additional allowances can be purchased in the Secondary
Market from other participants (or traders) who have a
surplus.
• Additional allowances can also be purchased through the
“Safety Valve System” which is analogous to the “Buy
Out Prices” for ROCs
6
CRC – EES:
Purchase of Allowances:
Banking Allowances
•
Allowances surplus to an organisations needs can be sold
on the Secondary Market or banked against future years.
•
However, it is not possible to carry forward banked
allowances between phases.
Operation of “Safety Valve”
•
•
•
AIM: To prevent price volatility in Secondary Market (as
happened in Phase 1 of EU-ETS)
Participants pay a deposit equal to prevailing Safety Valve price in
preceding month.
Government purchases extra allowances on EU-ETS and cancels same
number of EU-ETS allowances.
Participants reimburse Government (or receive a rebate) for an
difference between deposit price and actual price subject to a
minimum price of £14 (revised upwards from £12 – February 2010)
7
CRC – EES:
Purchase of Allowances:
• In October’s Spending Review the UK Government
announced that the CRC will be simplified to reduce the
burden on businesses, with the first allowance sale for
2011/12 emissions now taking place in 2012 rather than
2011.
• Revenue from the sale of CRC allowances, totalling £1
billion a year by 2014/15, will be used to support the
public finances, including spending on the environment,
rather than recycled to participants.
• But what about registration payments etc. Will these still
be paid???
• If 5000 organisations are involved this non-recycling will
imply an effective tax averaging £200 000 per organisation
per year
8
Issues relating to self generation of electricity
• CHP
– An organisation can claim credits for electricity
exported to other organisations. Organisation does not
declare own use of electricity
– An organisation cannot claim credits for exported heat
as under CRC it is deemed to have zero emissions. Could cause problems for District Heating Operations
• Renewable Generation –
– If no ROCs (FITs) are claimed then generation is
treated as case with CHP
– If ROCs are claimed then electricity generated must be
declared and emissions calculated as though it was grid
imported – i.e. at a relatively high carbon factor – even
though the generation would have a low factor – will
affect UEA.
– Issue of geographic vs corporate emissions
Relative
LEAGUE
Weighting
TABLES
of Phases
under CRC - EES
Description
Year Year Year Subsequent
1
2
3
Phases
Absolute Compares the current annual emissions to the 0% 45% 60%
75%%
Metric
average emissions over the preceding five years
Early
Action
Metric
Recognition for good energy management 100
undertaken prior to the start of the scheme. %
based on two factors, equally weighted,
(i)
Growth
Metric
40% 20%
Not
Applicable
15% 20%
25%
% of non-mandatorily HH metered
electricity and gas emissions covered by
voluntarily installed automatic metering
(AMR) by 31 March 2011.
(ii) The percentage of the emissions covered by
a valid Accreditation Scheme certificates on
31 March of each compliance year.
Gives recognition to those organizations which 0%
are growing but emissions are growing as a
slower rate as measured per unit of output
compared with those in preceding years
As Phase 1 has been extended.
final year of that Phase?
What will be relative percentages in
10
Example of Performance
Company A has emissions which decrease from 2000 to 1800 tonnes between
years 1 and 2 of Phase 1 and at the same time output increases from
£1500000 to £16000000.
Company B has emissions which increase from 3000 to 3100 tonnes over the
same period when the output increases from £2000000 to £2500000.
How do the two companies compare with regards to the absolute and growth
metrics?.
Carbon
emissions
kg per £1 of
(tonnes)
Output
output
Company A
Year 1
2000
£1,500,000
£1.33
Year 2
1800
£1,600,000
£1.13
% change
-10.0%
-15.6%
Company B
Year 1
3000
£2,000,000
£1.50
Year 2
3100
£2,500,000
£1.24
% change
+3.3%
-17.3%
•
•
Company A performs much better with regard to absolute metric
Company B is better with regard to growth metric
11
Carbon Reduction Commitment – Energy Efficiency Scheme
Originally a new emissions trading system which will affect ~ 20 000
organisations in the UK – now a Taxation System.
• ~ 5000 organisations will fully participate in trading,
• remainder will only have to report emissions but may now be
exempt from reporting following recent (Nov 2010 developments).
Criteria for inclusion is based on electricity use.
•
At least one Half-hour Meter (HHM) and
•
an annual consumption > 6000 MWh
[ annual consumption ~ equivalent to 1500 houses]
If an organisation satisfies first criterion then they merely have to report.
CRC split into Phases
• Phase 1 (Introductory) will have a fixed price of CO2 allowances at
£12 per tonne
• Subsequent Phases will have a cap to limit emissions and allowances
will be auctioned. Recent activity suggests that auctioning for
Phase 2 may be reconsidered.
12
The Carbon Reduction Commitment Periods
•
The CRC will be divided into phases, each of which will be 3
or more years
•
Within each phase there will be:
•
A qualification period,
Organisations must assess whether or not they qualify to
make an information disclosure or participate fully in CRC
•
A registration period,
Organisations must either submit their information
disclosure or register as a participant with the
administrator
•
A footprint year,
participants must monitor their total emissions from energy
use. Note some emissions are excluded such as those
already covered by EU-ETS etc.
•
A series of compliance years,
runs from April to March – now starting in April 2012,
participating organisations must
• purchase allowances for each tonne of CO2 they emit,
based on expected energy use,
• monitor their usage.
13
Financing the CRC - EES
• Will there still be charges to Participants for all aspects of
operation now that no money is to be recycled? Latest
Consultation document does not address this question.
• Original Proposed Charges
Activity
Participant Registration
Participant Annual
Subsistence
Fixed price sale
participation fee
£950
£1290
£10
Safety valve charge (per
£300
transaction)
There are also other charges – see CRC Documentation
Electricity Security and Diversity
Weekly fuel mix in electricity Generation
11 - 17th January 2010
70000
France
Wind
Nuclear
60000
Hydro
Coal
Pumped Storage
CCGT
Demand (MW)
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
1
Mon
Tues
Wed
Thurs
Fri
Sat
Sun
Notice higher proportion of coal used during day time hence a higher
carbon emission factor.
Shannon – Wiener Index of Fuel Mix Diversity
• Shannon – Wiener Index is a measure of diversity originally developed as a
measure of biodiversity.
• Higher index values occur with higher diversity.
• But there is no absolute upper limit.
• There is a maximum diversity index for a given number of items (e.g.
species, fuels) when all items are in same proportion, but index will be
higher for a greater number items.
• Index is low if one item dominates
Variation in maximum value of
Index with number of items.
The situation occurs when all
items have equal proportion.
2.5
Index
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
1
2
3
4
5 6
Items
7
8
9
10
e.g. with 6 fuel types the
maximum value of index
would be 1.8.
16
Shannon – Wiener Index of Fuel Mix Diversity
• The Shannon-Weiner Index (H) is defined as:
H = -  pI ln pI
where pi is the proportion of the ith item.
The index value increases with number of items and also
the relative proportions of items
1.2
100%
1
80%
0.8
60%
0.6
40%
nuclear
0.4
gas
20%
With three fuels, the
maximum value reaches
1.09 when all the fuels
are in equal proportions.
Index
120%
In Norway where Hydro
provides 99.5%, the index
for the three fuels used is
just 0.035.
0.2
coal
0%
0
17
Shannon – Wiener Index of Fuel Mix Diversity
How has diversity of Electricity Generation in UK changed over last 30 years?
nuclear
coal
oil
gas
renewables
Percentage
1980
2010
12.2
14.4
74.5
32.0
11.2
1.0
0.6
45.7
1.5
6.8
Fraction
1980 2010
0.122 0.144
0.745 0.320
0.112 0.010
0.006 0.457
0.015 0.068
Shannon – Wiener:
H = -  pI ln pI
Shannon Wiener Factor has
improved from 0.815 to 1.231
but is set to decline post 2015
with closure of coal and
nuclear plant.
nuclear
coal
oil
gas
renewables
Total
Must evaluate
fractional
proportions:
NOT percentages
when using
Shannon-Wiener
H = - pI
1980
0.257
0.219
0.245
0.031
0.063
0.815
ln pI
2010
0.279
0.365
0.046
0.358
0.183
1.231
18
Demand Connection Charges 2010 - 2011
• Charges are made for Connections to the Transmission
and distribution Grids.
• For generators charge is in two parts
– A charge per installed kW which varies across 20
charge zones ranging from >+£20 per kW to <-£5kW
– A charge per kW according to local substation
• For demand charge is made according to the TRIAD
demand and as a Unit Charge
The TRIAD occurs in the period 1st November – 28th/29th February
It is the mean of the following:
1) The maximum demand in any one half hour in the above time
period.
2) The second highest demand in any one half hour provided it is
separated from (1) by at least 10 days.
3) The third highest demand in any one half hour period provided
that it is separated from (1) and (2) by at least 10 days
19
Demand Connection Charges 2010 - 2011
Zone
N. Scotland
S. Scotland
Northern
North West
Yorkshire
N Wales & Mersey
East Midlands
Midlands
Eastern
South Wales
South East
London
Southern
South Western
TRIAD Demand Energy Consumed
(£/kW)
(p/kWh)
5.865932
0.790954
11.218687
1.547861
14.523126
1.993796
18.426326
2.552189
18.344745
2.520788
18.891869
2.62578
20.934125
2.886193
22.692635
3.184194
21.835099
3.026211
22.524989
3.028765
24.63381
3.377343
26.756942
3.602492
25.49445
3.53718
26.057832
3.553243
Subject to Revision on December 1st 2010
20
Demand Connection Charges - Example
All Demand periods > 55 000 MW in the 2008 – 2009 TRIAD
Date
01/12/2008
14/12/2008
15/12/2008
17/12/2008
20/12/2008
03/01/2009
04/01/2009
05/01/2009
06/01/2009
07/01/2009
10/01/2009
11/01/2009
12/01/2009
13/01/2009
02/02/2009
Period
35
35
34
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
Demand (MW)
56401
55191
55876
55008
55015
57085
56301
55954
58049
56961
57194
56430
57137
57327
55195
The TRIAD periods are
shown in YELLOW.
Note: there are periods when
demand is higher than
15/12/2008 or 01/12/2008,
but these are not separated by
at least 10 days from
principle TRIAD period on
06/01/2009
NOTE: TRIAD periods are
almost always between
period 34 and 36.
21
Demand Connection Charges - Example
2500
MW
2000
1500
1000
Process
Admin
500
Before
0
1
4
7
10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46
Half Hour Period
Typical Daily profile in December/ January for a company
Note: one of the two daily peaks coincides with the peak TRIAD period 35.
Explore shifting Process Time Cycle by 2 hours
22
Demand Connection Charges - Example
2500
2000
MW
1500
Before
1000
After
500
0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48
Half Hour Period
Period
Before
After
30
1792
1985
31
1837
2038
32
1783
1918
33
1928
1826
34
2010
1749
35
2040
1661
36
1800
1493
After rescheduling
Demand over TRIAD
period reduces from 2040
to 1661 – i.e. by 379 MW
If in South West, Saving in connection charge = 379 * 26.057832
= £9876
23
1
Generator Connection Charges
under BETTA
2
3
4
6
A
> £20 per kW
7
5
10
B
£15 to £20 per kW
C
£10 to £15 per kW
D
£5 to £10 per kW
E
£0 to £5 per kW
F
- £5 to £0 per kW
G
- £10 to -£5 per kW
8
9
11
13
12
14
15
18
20
19
17
16
24
Generation Connection Charges 2010 - 2011
Zone No. Zone Name
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
North Scotland
Peterhead
Western Highland & Skye
Central Highlands
Argyll
Stirlingshire
South Scotland
Auchencrosh
Humber & Lancashire
North
Anglesey
Dinorwig
South Yorks &
Midlands
South Wales &
Central London
South East
Oxon and South Coast
Wessex
Peninsula
Zonal Tariff
(£/kW)
20.077673
18.708975
22.790380
17.633272
13.339264
13.436032
12.485883
10.909540
5.416173
8.792347
6.171408
5.497379
3.594137
1.564328
0.391732
-6.414672
0.806124
-1.362801
-2.635277
-5.871777
In addition there is a
local sub-station
tariff which varies
from as much as
£4.79 per kW at Farr
in the SHETL area
to as little as -£0.60
per kW at Mark Hill in
Ayrshire which was
built specifically for a
wind farm.
These reflect the
capabilities of the
local regions around
each substation
Charges subject to
possible amendment
on 1st Dec 2010
25
Renewable Obligation Certificates
Notifies Regulator how
much generated.
ROC’s issued
The Regulator
OFGEM
Notifies OFGEM
of compliance -i.e.
ROCs or pays
FINE
FINES recycled in holders of
ROCs in proportion to
number held
Renewable
Generator
SUPPLIERS
Sells Electricity with
or without ROCs
Supplier Buys ROCs
from Trader
Sells ROCs to Trader
Trader and
Brokers
Because of recycling, ROCs have value greater than their nominal face value
26
Example of estimation of total value of ROCs
• Explain how the Renewable Obligation mechanism used in the UK works and how
the value of renewable electricity may be estimated. [50%]
• As company operating a 1.5 MW wind turbine which had a load factor of 27.63%
during the period 1st April 2007 to 31st March 2008, estimate the total income
you would have received from electricity sales using data given in Tables 1 and 2.
• You may assume that any imbalance charges are compensated by embedded
benefits.
Table 1 Wholesale Electricity Prices 2007 –
2008
Period
Apr – Jun
Volume of
Electricity
Traded (GWh)
1780
Table 2. Other relevant data for the
period 2007 – 2008
Average
price
(£/MWh)
25,551,357 MWh
22.10
Renewable obligation
2007 – 2008
16,406,751
Jul – Sep
2050
27.00
Renewable Obligation
Certificates presented
Oct – Dec
2420
45.95
Buy Out Price
£34.30 per MWh
Jan - Mar
2310
54.95
Climatic Change Levy
£4.30 per MWh
27
Example of estimation of total value of ROCs
Volume traded
(GWh)
price
Volume *
price Product
Apr - Jun
2007
1780
£ 22.10
39338.0
July - Sept
2007
2050
£ 27.00
55350.0
Oct-Dec
2007
2420
£ 45.95
111199.0
Jan-Mar
2008
2310
£ 54.95
126934.5
Totals
8560
Volume Weighted Average Price
Renewable Obligation ---- 25,551,357 MWh ROCs presented
Shortfall in generation/ ROCs presented = 9084606
332821.5
£
38.88
---- 16,406,751
Value of Buy out Fund = 9084606 * £34.30 = £311 601 985.80
So Mark up value = 311601985/80 / 16406751
= £18.92
Total value of ROC = £34.30 + £18.92 = £53.22
Total value of Renewable Generation = £38.88 + £53.22 + £4.30 = £96.40
A 1.5 MW wind turbine @ 27.63% load factor generates 3630.582 MWh in year
So total income = 3630.582 * £96.40 = £350 003.05
28
Renewable Obligation and Feed In Tariff Changes
• Generators < 50 kW declare once a year under RO – will
be mandatory to change to FIT from April 1st 2010
• Generators 50 kW – 5 MW will have option of a once only
change from RO to FIT by a deadline
• Generators > 5 MW remain in RO
• RO is extended to 2037 subject to a maximum eligibility of
20 years.
• Feed In Tariff will be banded and decremented year on
year and will be fixed from inception of a project. It will
run for a maximum of 20 years.
• A small scale generator who uses electricity on site will
benefit from:
– A generation FIT,
– An export FIT,
– A reduced import of electricity
29
Feed in Tariffs – Introduced 1st April 2010
Energy Source
Scale
Anaerobic digestion
≤500kW
Anaerobic digestion
>500kW
Hydro
≤15 kW
Hydro
>15 - 100kW
Hydro
>100kW - 2MW
Hydro
>2kW - 5MW
Micro-CHP*****
<2 kW
Solar PV
≤4 kW new
Solar PV
≤4 kW retrofit
Solar PV
>4-10kW
Solar PV
>10 - 100kW
Solar PV
>100kW - 5MW
Solar PV
Standalone
Wind
≤1.5kW
Wind
>1.5 - 15kW
Wind
>15 - 100kW
Wind
>100 - 500kW
Wind
>500kW - 1.5MW
Wind
>1.5MW - 5MW
Existing generators transferred from RO
***** for first 20000 installations
Generation Tariff (p/kWh)
to 31/03/2012 after 01/04/12
11.5
11.5
9
9
19.9
19.9
17.8
17.8
11
11
4.5
4.5
10
10
36.1
33.0
41.3
37.8
36.1
33.0
31.4
28.7
29.3
26.8
29.3
26.8
34.5
32.6
26.7
25.5
24.1
23.0
18.8
18.8
9.4
9.4
4.5
4.5
9
9
Duration
(years)
20
20
20
20
20
20
10
25
25
25
25
25
25
20
20
20
20
20
20
to 2027
30
Feed in Tariffs – Export and Issue of Deeming
Payment for tariffs will be from a levy on Utility Companies which MAY see
a cumulative rise in bills of around £1 billion or more.
In addition there will be a payment of 3p per kWh for any electricity
exported as opposed to consumed on premises.
BUT an export meter is needed to identify this.
Householder will save on imported electricity at ~ 11 – 12p per kWh, so
optimum financial model may not be to generate as much as possible
i.e. for each unit generated and consumed it is worth 41.3+ 11 = 52.3p /kWh
for each unit exported it is worth 41.3 + 3 = 44.3 p/kWh
If no export meter is fitted – a transition arrangement of deeming that 50%
of generation will be exported will be made
- that may well not be as attractive to consumer.
http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/what_we_do/uk_supply/energy_mix/ren
ewable/feedin_tariff/feedin_tariff.aspx
31
From the National Infra-Structure Plan 2010 following
Comprehensive Spending Review
• The Government will reform the electricity market, so that it
attracts the private sector investment necessary to meet the
UK’s energy security and climate change objectives, including
the investment in nuclear, carbon capture and storage and
renewable technology.
• In addition to supporting the carbon price, this will also assess
the role that revenue support mechanisms (such as Feed-In
Tariffs), capacity mechanisms and emission performance
standards could play.
• For complete information see Section 4 of
http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/nationalinfrastructureplan251010.pdf
32
From the National Infra-Structure Plan 2010 following
Comprehensive Spending Review
The Government will assess proposals against the criteria of
cost-effectiveness, affordability and security of supply;
• to ensure that regulation of national electricity networks
enables the investment needed in transmission infrastructure
to connect new low-carbon generation, such as nuclear power
stations and offshore and onshore wind turbines;
• maintain the Feed-In-Tariffs to support investment in
emerging small-scale generation technologies in electricity,
saving £40M by improving their efficiency, and complement
this with the Renewable Heat Incentive to reward groundsource heat pumps and other renewable heat sources, while
making efficiency savings of 20% by 2014-15 compared with
the previous government’s plans.
For complete information see Section 4 of
http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/nationalinfrastructureplan251010.pdf
33
From the National Infra-Structure Plan 2010 following
Comprehensive Spending Review
The Government will (para 4.18):
• Support investment in low carbon energy supply by:
maintaining Feed-In Tariffs for small-scale generation,
funded through an obligation on electricity suppliers
equating to a levy of almost £900 million over the period to
2014-15. At the same time, the efficiency of Feed-In Tariffs
will be improved at the next formal review [2012],
rebalancing them in favour of more cost effective carbon
abatement technologies.
Equivalent to £36 per household
May be an issue for PV as carbon abatement using PV is
around £700 per tonne saved way above many other
strategies – see German Example
For complete information see Section 4 of
http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/nationalinfrastructureplan251010.pdf
34
Changes in Electricity Supply Regulation
• The Pool
• NETA / BETTA
• Deregulation
• Changes in Company Ownership
Scottish
Nuclear
Scottish Hydro
(Атомная) *
Consumers
Потребители
Scottish Power
Scotland
Шотландия
Electricité de France
PowerGen
IndependentsНезависимые
The
BNFL (Magnox)
England and Wales
Англия и Уэльс
Licensed
Consumers
Suppliers
Лицензирова
нные
поставщики
Потребители
IndustryПромышленность
Nuclear Electric *
Eastern **
Innogy
Pool
Пул
RECs
Second
Tier
Consumers
Вторичные
потребители
36
1250 MW
1250 MW
1250 MW
1250 MW
1250 MW
10000 MW
Bid from company E £19.50 per MWh
Bid from company D £19.40 per MWh
Bid from company C £19.32 per MWh 32500 MW
Bid from company B £19.31 per MWh
Bid from company A £19.20 per MWh (0.96R / kWh)
Range of bids from companies
in range £18 - £19 per MWh
0.90 - 0.95 Roubles per kWh
10000 MW
Range of bids from companies
in range £15 - £18 per MWh
System
Marginal
Price
= £19.31
SMP
0.75 - 0.9 Roubles per kWh
10000 MW
Range of bids from companies
in range <£15 per MWh
0.75 Roubles per kWh
Companies
up to and
including B
successful
£1 ~ 50 Roubles
37
Новая система оптовой торговли НЕТА
How well has it performed since starting on 27th March 2001?
12
Langeled and Balzand Pipe Lines completed
10
8
6
4
UK becomes
net importer of
gas in 2004
2
0
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
Wholesale prices rose rapidly in 2004/2005, fell sharply from mid
2006, rose rapidly since mid 2007 then fell but are less stable.
The weighted average wholesale price of 18th November 2010 was
£43.27 although the peak price was £73.60 during period 34
38
The Balancing Mechanism
Summary
Балансирующий механизм
Краткое описание
Day Before
Current Day
День до
Текущий день
IPN
FPN
3.51 hours
hour
Gate Closure
Закрытие периода
Real
Time
30
mins
Operation of Balancing
Mechanism
Балансирующий механизм
• Changes to contract position cannot be made after Gate Closure
• Balancing Mechanism provides System Security
• Изменения в позиции договора не могут быть внесены после закрытия
периода
• Балансирующий механизм обеспечивает безопасность
функционирования Системы
39
The New Electricity Trading Arrangements
Новая система оптовой торговли НЕТА
The Balancing Mechanism
•
•
Балансирующий механизм
To allow system to remain stable
Too little electricity on the system
– Generators can OFFER to INCREASE output
– Suppliers can OFFER to REDUCE consumption
Time
OFFER
FPN
OFFER
FPN
Time
• If OFFER is agreed then Generators / Suppliers are PAID
for any electricity increased / reduced under the OFFER.
40
The New Electricity Trading Arrangements
Новая система оптовой торговли НЕТА
The Balancing Mechanism
•
Балансирующий механизм
Too much electricity on the system
– Generators can BID to REDUCE output
– Suppliers can BID to INCREASE consumption
OFFER
Bid
Time
Time
FPN
OFFER
Bid
FPN
• If BID is agreed then Generators / Suppliers PAY for any
reduction in generation / increase in demand under the BID.
41
The Balancing Mechanism
Балансирующий механизм
Generators / Suppliers may submit OFFERs or BIDs which differ
for different levels of deviation from the Final Physical Notification
50 - 100 MW: £50 per MWh (2.5 Roubles per kWh)
25 - 50 MW: £30 per MWh (1.5 Roubles per kWh)
0 - 25 MW: £20 per MWh (1 Rouble per kWh)
FPN
окончательная физическая нотификация
Example of Differential Offers from a Generator
National Grid Company normally accepts OFFERS / BIDS which
are cheapest unless System Constraints prevent this.
42
The Balancing Mechanism
Балансирующий механизм
What happens if System Operator has got it wrong?
• OFFERs / BIDs cannot be cancelled
• UNDO BID removes an OFFER and is usually less than the OFFER
• UNDO OFFER removes a BID and is usually more than the BID
•
OFFERs / UNDO BIDs [ or BIDs / UNDO OFFERs]
are submitted in pairs
OFFER / UNDO BID:
Pair +2
OFFER / UNDO BID:
Pair +1
BID / UNDO OFFER:
Pair -1
BID / UNDO OFFER:
Pair -2
FPN
43
Новая система оптовой торговли НЕТА
Charges for imbalance depend on whether BM unit is deviating in same direction
as overall system or not.
Example shows cases where imbalance is in same direction as system
Actual Metered Volume
FPN
Paid SSP
FPN
Pays SBP
Settled
bilaterally
between
contracting
parties
Установлено в
двустороннем
порядке
договаривающ
имися
сторонами
Установлено в
двустороннем
порядке между
сторонами
Settled
bilaterally
between
parties
Actual
Metered
Volume
Штрафные санкции за нарушение баланса зависят от того, отклонился ли
субъект БМ в том же направлении, что и вся система, или нет
Рисунок показывает случаи, когда нарушение баланса происходит
в
одном направлении с системой
44
Building Regulations – Topics covered
• Review of Building Regulations in UK
– Factors affecting energy consumption and carbon emissions
– Standard Assessment Procedure
• Approved Document
•
•
•
AD1a - New domestic Properties
AD1b – New non-domestic Properties
AD2a - Existing domestic Properties
AD2b - Existing non-domestic Properties
Other Topics Covered
• Code for Sustainable Homes
• Energy Performance Certificates
• Introduction in Indian Building Regulations
• Introduction to Chinese Building Regulations
45
U-Value Specification with different Regulations
1976
1985 1990
1994
2000
2005
2010
U – Values W m-2 oC-1
SAP SAP >
< 60
60
External Wall
1.0
0.6
0.45
0.45
0.35
0.45
0.35
0.35
Roof
0.6
0.35
0.25
0.2
0.16
0.25
0.16
0.16
Floor
1.0
0.6
0.45
0.35
0.25
0.45
0.25
0.25
3.0
2.0*
3.3
2.0
2.0
25%
25%
Windows
Not specified
Windows as %
of external
walls
17%
12%
Windows as %
of total floor
areas
-
-
-
15% 22.5% 25% 22.5%
46
Compliance to Building Regulations
• Compliance to Building Regulations may be achieved by one
of several alternative methods.
– Elemental Method
• Specifies maximum U-value and perhaps maximum
glazed area – valid until 2002 Regs but with
restrictions in 2002
– Target U-value – weighted average U-value allowed some
flexibility in design – valid until 2002 Regs
– SAP Rating (1994 Regs) – largely an economic assessment
– Carbon Index (2002 Regs)*
– Target Emission Rate (Current Regs)*
– * SAP Procedure is use for these methods. SAP Rating is
also calculated but it no longer a means of compliance.
47
Building Regulation: Compliance Summary
Up to and including 2000 Regulations
• Elemental Method – specifying U-values of fabric elements
• Target U-Value – allowed some flexibility of design.
• SAP Rating – an economic measure – only permitted for
compliance in 1994 Regs.
2000/2002 Regulations
• Carbon Index Method- a distorted Carbon Measure
2005/6 Regulations
• Dwelling Emission Rating must be better than Target
Emission Rating. Latter is a derivative of the Target UValue Method.
2009/10 Regulations
• Retains DER and TER but expects a 25% improvement on
performance over 2005/6 standards
48