2
Unit 8 Section A
Animals or children ?
– A scientist’s choice
FOREIGH LANGUAGE TEACHING AND RESEARCH PRESS
AIR FORCE ENGINEERING UNIVERTISY
2
UNIT
8
Our task must be to free ourselves from this
prison by widening our circle of compassion
to embrace all living creatures and the
whole of nature in its beauty.
— Albert Einstein
I am in favor of animal rights as well as
human rights. That is the way of a whole
human being.
—Abraham Lincoln
2
UNIT
8 Human rights vs. animal rights
Section A
Objectives
Animals or children ?
– A scientist’s choice
To talk about animal research
To further understand the text
To apply the phrases and patterns
To master the essay writing skill
Section A
Animals or children? – A scientist’s choice
Contents
Warming-up activities
Text study
Language application
Summary
Section A
Animals or children? – A scientist’s choice
Warming-up activities
Lead-in
Pre-reading activities
Cultural background
Short answer questions
1. Did you have a pet before? How did you treat your pet?
•
•
•
As your best friend and family member
Take good care of them even they were sick
Never abandoned or ignored when they are
getting older…
Short answer questions
2. Should animals be treated in the same way as human
beings? Should scientific experiments use animals to
develop medicines to help and heal human beings?
What do you think about the experiments on animals?
•Cursed, cruel and non-humanitarian experiment
•To help and heal human beings
•To help people get rid of pain
•To develop the medical research…
Listen to a talk about animal protection and
discuss the questions.
1. How did the American treat animals?
2. What is PETA?
1. How did the American treat animals?
• To spend thousands of millions of
dollars every year;
• On animal food, health care, equipment
and toys;
• Care so deeply for them;
• Brave the disaster to stay with them…
• Animal welfare organizations provide
services…
2. What is PETA?
•An animal rights organization;
•For the ethical treatment of animals;
•The headquarters in Norfolk,Virginia;
•To save and improve the lives of millions of
animals;
•The largest animal rights group in the world…
Listen to a short passage concerning animal
medical research and fill in the missing information.
This is the VOA Special English Education Report.
PETA disapproves of the use of
animals for _______________.
medical research But
many research scientists say this
position could prevent development
of treatments and cures for serious
and _______________.
deadly diseases
Listen to a short passage concerning animal
medical research and fill in the missing information.
Wesley Smith is a lawyer allied with the
Discovery Institute, a nonprofit
________educational
group. He has written extensively about
ethics
science and _______.
Mister Smith points to the Silver Spring Monkey
Case as an example of harmful
_______ policy. Last
year, he wrote on the subject for the online
publication of the National Review. His article
was called "A Monkey for Your Grandmother."
Listen to a short passage concerning animal
medical research and fill in the missing information.
He noted the _________
suffering of victims of
Alzheimer's disease. This disease
strikes mainly older people. It steals
________
their ability to think and care for
themselves. Animals are often used in
research on such _______________.
brain disease
Listen to a short passage concerning animal
medical research and fill in the missing information.
The American Veterinary Medical
Association is an organization of doctors
who care for animals. The A.V.M.A.
positions taken by
agrees with some __________
animal rights groups. But the association
also says it cannot accept policies that
conflict with what it calls ____________
responsible
animal use for human purposes.
Cultural background
Animal research
Questions Previewing
1. What is the animal research? And why?
Tips
2. Why did animal rights activists ban on animal testing?
Tips
3. Why did physician scientists conduct the animal
experiments?
Tips
Cultural background
Animal research
1. What is the animal research? And why?
•
•
•
•
•
To use animals in experiments;
To research the new drugs;
To improve the success rate of surgeries;
To keep the people healthy and happy;
To help the patients and dying people …
Cultural background
Animal research
2. Why did animal rights activists ban on animal testing?
• Cruel and inhumane, animals should be
free;
• Unreliable, different between people and
animals;
• Computers can also be programmed ;
• Break the ecological balance.
Cultural background
Animal research
3. Why did physician scientists conduct the animal
experiments?
• To relieve the eternal suffering of people;
• To understand the process and test new
therapies;
• Most experiments on human beings will fail;
• To accelerate the process of medical research;
• The research of simulated effects on computer
is of little value …
Section A
Animals or children? – A scientist’s choice
Text study
Main idea & structure
Language focus
Critical thinking
The text is an _________________________
argumentative essay , the purpose of which
is to convince readers by using good ___________
reasons and strong
____________
evidence . The author, through writing this essay, argues
animal research .
for his rightfulness of doing ____________________
According to the text, why did the author become
a children’s doctor? (Para.1)
Tips
love and supreme desire to keep them
healthy and draw the author to medical
research.
Part I — (Para. 1)
wrongly accused
The author was _________________________
of
being cruel to animals since his top
desire is only to keep children healthy
medical advances based on
with ______________________
animal research .
______________________
How did animal rights activists describe the researchers?
(Para.2)
 No moral
compass
 Tortuer
 devil
 accuse
innocent
animals
Response?
 For career
advancement
What did physician scientists do? (Para.3)
Response
•Be unbelievably
uncaring
•Allow them to
creep in
•“animal fraud”
and hatred
What
Should be
done?
Respond to
the
emotional
tone by…
Belief
Persist in our
belief
Importance of
animal
research for
public health
Part II — Paras. 2-3
This part unfolds the current situation of
animal-rights movement. Firstly, animal rights
protectors distort the truth by accusing the
physician. The author also criticizes the
indifference of the public, senators and even
the people who worked in the medical field.
What are the first three reasons to relieve the eternal
suffering of human beings ? (Para.4)
 Most of experiments on
human beings will fail
 To improve and
test new
therapies on
animal research
Reasons (3)
 To Leave
medical
research
standstill
The optional fourth choice by
computer imitation (Para. 5)
Advice?
Can computer
model exchange
the actual experiments ?
computer
modelsbenefits?
which suggested by
Possible
animal rights activists are of little value.
What are the terrifying effects of arresting the animal
research? (Para.6)
Drugs to cure infections will remain
undiscovered.
√
Surgical and diagnostic techniques
will be developed.
undeveloped.
×
Fundamental biological processes
will remain mysteries.
√
What results did animal research help us to
achieve ?(Para.7)
Tips
• To fight against the serious sicknesses,
such as _____________,
heart disease
__________________
high blood pressure and _______.
stroke
• To operate the most complex surgical
procedures, such as
heart or hip surgery and
__________________
organ transplantation surgeries
___________________________.
Part III— Paras. 4-7
As the main part of the essay, it provides
compelling reasons to justify the necessity of
doing animal research. It emphasizes why
doing animal research is so indispensable, and
warns that stopping animal research will cause
significantly negative effects.
How about the present situation of human
beings in American today ?(Para.8)
Tips
People are overprotection from the
reality of human life and death and
what it means. They are more
concerned about animals and so little
for sick and dying human beings.
What is the author’s attitude ?(Para.9)
Tips
We should arouse the majority to
protect the future of animal research,
and oppose the misdirected minority.
Part Ⅳ — (Paras.8-9) conclusion of the essay
The author is trying to make his
_______________
final appeal be heard and also his
most worried concern. He urges the
take actions to put an end
public to ____________________
to the nightmare – to cease animal
research.
Introduction
I am wrongly accused of doing animal
research since my top desire is only to
keep children healthy with medical
advances based on animal research.
(Para. 1)
Introduction
Current situation of the animal-rights movement
Animal rights activists distort my
medical research and accuse me of
being a physician without moral limits.
(Paras. 2-3)
Introduction
Current situation of the animal-rights movement
Reasons to justify the necessity of animal research
To relieve
the eternal
suffering of
human
among the
possible three
reasons.
(para.4)
The optional
4th choice
from animal
activists is
using
computer
model, but it’s
of no value
(Para. 5)
The terrifying
effects of
arresting animal
research will
only be felt
years or
decades later.
(Para. 6)
Our current
combat abilities
against
sickness are
mostly based
on previous
animal
research.
(Para. 7)
Introduction
Current situation of the animal-rights movement
Reasons to justify the necessity of animal research
Conclusion
Human rights vs. animal rights
accused of doing animal
I am wrongly __________
research since my _________________
supreme desire is only
to keep children healthy based on animal
research. Although the animal-rights
activists ________
twist the truth. The politicians
lobbying of animal rights
give in to the __________
advocates, even the people working in the
medical field let animal rights activists
creep in .
__________
frame the issue as one of
They ________
animal fraud ” and_________
hatred . To relieve
“______________
eternal suffering of human beings,
the _________________
animal research is the best choice to
understand
the
process
and
______________________
test new therapies , more than that
hoping
accidental
discoveries
will
move us forward . What’s more, the
___________________
imitate the
optional fourth choice is _________
animal experiments by computer model.
of little value .
It’s _______________
The studies what are along with
subsequent ____________
advances will actually end if
animal research is severely ___________
restricted . I
would never ___________
advocate needless cruel
treatment of animals. the real question
is aware of
_____________
the importance of the
animal experiment and protect its future.
_____________________
Practical Phrases
1. tip the scales
2. have relevance to …
3. creep in
4. in the name of …
5. make a contribution
6. be / become aware of
7. isolate sb. / sth. from …
Specific Meanings
使天平（向某人或物）倾斜
与……有关
渐渐影响，逐渐改变
以……的名义
作贡献
意识到；明白；知道
与……隔离；孤立
使天平（向某人或物）倾斜
短语逆译
tip the scales
短语应用
人格，才艺，亲和力，甚至于奇谋诡诈的手段，
都有可能成为加重分量的砝码。
意群提示
(Personality / talent / kindness / quirkiness / tip the scales)
Personality, talent, kindness, and maybe even
quirkiness, may tip the scales.
与……有关
短语逆译
have relevance to
短语应用
研究者们希望这些最新发现和人类有很大的关联。
意群提示
(latest findings/ to a great extent)
The researchers hope the latest findings will
have relevance to people to a great extent.
渐渐影响，逐渐改变
短语逆译
creep in
短语应用
当不确定感和疑惑开始逐渐侵袭，我直面那些感觉，
然后问自己，我怎样才能从这些感觉中获得更多收获？
意群提示
(feelings o f uncertainty and doubt)
When feelings of uncertainty and doubt start to
creep in, I face those feelings directly and ask
myself how can I learn from this to better myself?
以……的名义
短语逆译
in the name of …
短语应用
战士们——以民主的名义，让我们团结起来！！！
意群提示
(in the name of… / democracy )
Soldiers – in the name of democracy, let us all
unite!!!
作贡献
短语逆译
make a contribution
短语应用
每个人都应该为保护环境做贡献。
意群提示
( make a contribution to )
Everyone should make a contribution to
protecting the environment.
意识到；明白；知道
短语逆译
be / become aware of
短语应用
研究人员表示：人们如果想要预防心脏病，就应
该更加清楚的认识到食物中的含糖量。
意群提示
(heart disease / be aware of)
The researchers say if people want to avoid heart
disease, they should be more aware of how much
sugar is in their food.
与……隔离；孤立
短语逆译
isolate sb. / sth. from
短语应用
为了大家的安全，这个病人应该与其他病人隔
离开。
意群提示
(for the sake of / isolate from)
For the sake of the safety of all, this patient
should be isolated from other patients.
Functional Patterns
Functions & Usages
1. When sth. is in question, as is
the case with …, sth. is of little
value.
用于表达“某人在特定身份
下做某事的感受”。
2. There is the danger that …,
while …
用于表达“某种情况可能导
致的严重后果”。
3. The question is whether…
but …
用于表达“人们应该面对的
真正问题”。
原句译文
当原理本身有问题时，就跟正处于研究阶段
的复杂的生物系统的情况一样，仅靠计算机
模拟的成效甚微。
逆译练习
When the principles themselves are in
question, as is the case with the complex
biological systems of human life under study,
computer modeling alone is of little value.
句型提炼
句型提炼
When sth. is in question, as is the case
with……, sth is of little value.
应用提示
用于表达“当某事有问题时，跟某种情
况一样… ”
句型应用
典型例句
当人们自身意识比较淡薄时，就像目前汽车市场高居不下
的购买数量，仅靠政府出台的环保政策收效甚微。
意群提示
(own consciousness / depend on / environmental protection policy )
When the people’s own consciousness is in question, as
is the case with the high purchases of auto market,
depending only on the environmental protection policy
of the government is of little value.
原句译文
危险的是，那些善意的政治家匆忙作出决定，
策略性地满足了那小部分大声疾呼的示威者，
这只是权宜之计，而这些决定的后果和造成的
破坏性影响要很久才会显现。
逆译练习
There is the danger that quick decisions by
well-meaning politicians will create resolutions to
diplomatically satisfy the small minority of loud
protestors while the consequences and
damaging impact of those decisions will not be
apparent until long after.
句型提炼
句型提炼
There is the danger / risk that…,
while…
应用提示
用于表达“由于某种情况导致的严重结
果” 。
句型应用
典型例句
可怕的是，当人们用动物进行医学实验的时候却没有
意识到将会破坏生态平衡，最终影响到我们的下一代。
意群提示
(involve in/ ecological environment / influence on )
There is the risk that the people who are involved
in animal research won’t realize the damage to the
ecological environment while the consequence will
influence on our younger generation.
原句译文
因此，真正的问题是我们能否唤起大多数漠不
关心的民众来保护动物实验的将来，以反对嗓
门很大，但却是被误导的少数群体。
逆译练习
Hence, the real question is whether an
uncaring majority can be aroused to
protect its future against a loud, but
misdirected, minority.
句型提炼
句型提炼
Hence, the real question / problem is
whether … but …
应用提示
用于表达“人们应该面对的真正问题”。
句型应用
典型例句
因此，真正的问题是我们能否唤起大多数没有基本新
闻评判标准的受众人群来维护新闻消息的客观公正性，
以反对影响面很大，但却是被误导的少数媒体。
意群提示
(basic news evaluation standard / impartiality of objective news )
Hence, the real question is whether majority who
don’t have the basic news evaluation standard can be
aroused to maintain the impartiality of objective news
against some influential, but misdirected, minority
media.
1 Do you think animal research is necessary
and meaningful ? And why?
Tips
2 How did we reduce the harm to animals ?
Tips
3 What is the relationship between human and
animals?
Tips
1. Do you think animal research is necessary and
meaningful ? and why?
Yes, absolutely. Advancement of science
necessitates animal research. It manifests that drug
experimentation on live mammals is far more
effectual than experimentation on bacteria or on
other lower species in testing drug safety. Secondly,
in space research, live animals are still the only
viable alternative to humans in testing living creature
reaction to outer-space experience on a flight not
considered to be sufficiently safe for human
astronauts.
2. How did we reduce the harm to animals ?
\\
I concede that experiments upon animals may
induce suffering to the test animals. However, I am
convinced that there are no feasible alternatives to
this methodology at the current stage of scientific
development. On balance, I think that we should
allow animals testing to be continued but at the same
time use techniques such as analgesic, anesthetic
and tranquilizing drugs to minimize the pain inflicted
upon the test animal and augment the general
welfare of these animals.
3. What is the relationship between human and
animals?
Animals were friends or foes of humanity at
different times of the human history. It is such a
complicated relationship between human and
animals. In the entire ecosystem of the earth,
human can’t live without animals. Human rise to
the top of the food chain subsisting harmonious
with animals. The integrity of ecological species is
also important to the development of human’s
future.
Watch a video clip and discuss the
question:
What is the conflict between animal rights
activists and physician scientists?
What is the conflict between animal rights activists
and physician scientists?
First, there are three stages for us to understand
the earthings(生物). We all live in the earth, there
are no sexism(性别歧视), racism(种族歧视) and
speciesism(物种歧视), included all creatures and
human beings. Humans are not the only creature
in the earth and share the resource with any other
animal.
What is the conflict between animal rights activists
and physician scientists?
Second, the term of vivisection(活体解剖) is
called medical experiment by the living animals,
they called it medical science. The reason is to
discover the essential methods of curing the
human’s disease. There are two mistakes here,
one is the effectiveness(有效性) of this way,
another is different reaction between human
and animals.
What is the conflict between animal rights activists
and physician scientists?
Third, is this the exemplify the most extreme
racist theories(极端种族主义) of Nazi as same
as the human slaughter( 屠 杀 ) animals? The
creatures shouldn’t measure by man, they are
another nations, what should we do?
Section A
Animals or children? –A scientist’s choice
Language application
Writing devices
Oral reproduction
Paragraph translation
Learn how to write an argumentative essay：
To write an argumentative essay must
provide specific and convincing evidence
that supports the thesis statement. A writing
mode that reqiures critical thinking and
analytical skills. We also need to use the
solid evidence and facts to support the
viewpoints such as statistics, quotes from
experts, and specific examples.
You can follow these steps:
Step 1: choose a position.
Know the purpose of your
essay, and be clear about
which side of the issue you
are going to write and what
solution you will offer.
Step 2: analyze the audience.
Decide if your readers are
going to agree or disagree
with your position. Think
about possible opposing
viewpoints.
Step 3: research the topic.
Step 4: structure the essay.
A persuasive essay must
provide specific and
convincing evidence. Often it
is necessary to do some
research on the topic
Figure out what evidence you
will include and in what order
you will present the evidence.
Remember to consider your
purpose and your audience.
Learn how to write an argumentative essay：
To write an argumentative essay must
provide specific and convincing evidence
that supports the thesis statement. A writing
mode that requires critical thinking and
analytical skills. We also need to use the
solid evidence and facts to support the
viewpoints such as statistics, quotes from
experts, and specific examples.
Please take a look at the chart below to
see how you can organize the details
with this pattern :
Thesis statement
Reason 1
Reason 2
Reason 3,4…
Read the sample argumentative
essay and see how it develops
with the thesis statementsupported by reasons pattern.
Topic:
Ban on animal testing
Introduction:
Thesis statement: Even though animals have
made a large contribution to modern medicine,
animal testing should be stopped because it is
immoral, unreliable, and unnecessary.
Body:
Reason 1: Immoral
Reason 2: Unreliable
Reason 3: Unnecessary
Conclusion:
Inhumane, non-effective animal testing
should be stopped immediately when
tests could be done with alternative
methods.
Sample essay:
Animal testing is largely used in medical
experiments today. Unfortunately, many
animals are seriously harmed in the process.
Even though animals have made a large
contribution to modern medicine, animal
testing should be stopped because it is
immoral, unreliable, and unnecessary.
(Thesis statement)
Sample:
First of all, animal testing is usually cruel
and inhumane. On experiments, innocent
animals are going through so much pain and
horror. It is absolutely wrong because animals
should be free to live as any other creatures
and they shouldn’t be taken away from their
homes and natural habitats. Many animal
tests are performed without any painkillers.
Consequently, they lead to animals’ constant
pain. (Reason 1)
Sample:
In addition to being cruel, animal tests
aren’t reliable. People and animals are
different, and that’s why a medicine that
appears safe for animals may not be safe for
people or vice versa. One of the examples is
Aspirin, which is poisonous to rats and mice
but not to people in some cases. While many
say that animal testing allows medicines to be
created that will aid human life, there are
many examples showing they also cause
horrible deaths in humans. (Reason 2)
Sample:
It is true that some drugs can be used on
both animals and humans, but this does not
mean that they have to be tested on animals
in the first place when alternative methods
are available. They include, for example,
stem cell research. Living tissues can be
grown in test tubes and new drugs can be
tested on these. Computers can also be
programmed to show how medicines will
react in the human body. (Reason 3)
Sample:
In conclusion, inhumane, non-effective
animal testing should be stopped immediately
when tests could be done with alternative
methods. Animals have the same rights as
human beings. We can help save animals
from suffering and death by donating only to
medical research which doesn’t experiment
on animals. (Conclusion)
Writing practice
Directions: Write an essay of no
less than 150 words on one of the
following topics. One topic has an
outline you can follow.
Topic: Why a pet
Introduction: Thesis statement: There are some good reasons why
you should keep a pet to have a positive life.
Body:
Reason 1:
Give you unconditional love and companionship
Reason 2:
Increase your physical activity and improve your health
Reason 3:
Teach you to have a sense of responsibility
Conclusion: Everyone should keep a pet because pets provide you
with unconditional love, help you retain good health, and teach you
to be responsible.
More topics:
• Why animals testing?
• Why no animal for entertainment?
Make a speech on the following topic.
Suppose, as a physician
scientist, you are expected to
give a speech to animal rights
activists.
You can follow the outline given below.
Part I. Opening part of the speech
1.The current situation of animal research;
2.The problem and development of animal research;
3.Your expectation of the animal research’s future.
You can follow the outline given below.
Part II. Your description of the animal research
1. The reasons of animal research;
2. The significance to human beings;
3. The worrying problems to animal rights activists;
4. The more humane methods in animal research.
5. More efficient ways to replace the animal research
Part III. Conclusion
1. Opportunities and challenges;
2. Your hope and determination for the future
You may adopt the following expressions.
on behalf of sb.
to be grateful to do sth;
The harmonious development between…and…;
Thanks to advance …;
Consent to the importance of;
should not make us unappreciative;
to shoulder the responsibilities as;
In the application of
Translate a paragraph based
on a summary of the text by
using the expressions from
the text.
尽管动物权利活动家歪曲真相并 twist the truth
且把我描述成恶魔，但是做为一 Cast sb. as
never thought of
名儿科医生，我从不认为自己是
tip the scales
一个邪恶的人。我感情的天平更
倾向于希望孩子们健康快乐，这
促使我去从事医学研究。我们一
直坚信，博学的公众会赞同动物
研究对公众健康的重要性。
persist in
让我感到特别愤怒的是，有人对 care for
动物的痛苦表达入微，但是对生
so little for
病和生命垂危的人却冷漠无情。
动物实验为人类健康做出重大贡 make a contribution
献，真正的问题是我们能否唤起
绝大多数漠不关心的民众来保护
动物实验的将来。
be aroused to
Although animal rights activists have twisted the
truth and cast me as the devil. But as a children’s
doctor, I have never thought of myself as an evil
person. My desire to tip the scales in favor of healthy,
happy children drew me to medical research. We
have persisted in our belief that a knowledgeable
public would consent to the importance of animal
research for public health. I am particularly angered
by any minute expression of caring for the suffering
of creatures and so little for sick and dying human
beings. Animal experiments has made a significant
contribution to human health. The real question is
whether an uncaring majority can be aroused to
protect its future.
Section A
Animals or children? – A scientist’s choice
Summary
Revision of
the useful expressions
Revision of
the functional patterns
1 最大的愿望是让他们健康
supreme desire to keep them healthy
2 以……的环境
circumstances for…
3 更重要的是
more importantly
4 得益于……的进步
thanks to advance…
5 歪曲真相
twist the truth
6 设计此类问题/研究成为
frame the issue as
7 坚信
persist in sth
8 同意……的重要性
consent to the importance of
9 以……的名义
in the name of
10 为我们辩护
in our defense
11 不受……的伤害
12 在……底部
13 在……中的应用
14 由于……痛苦
15 应该心存感激
be free of pain
at the bottom of
in the application of
the agony of
should not make us unappreciative
16 收效甚微
be of little value
17 不在意，不关注
so little for
18 别搞错
make no mistake
19 做贡献
make a contribution
20 引起，唤醒
be aroused to
Functions & Usages
Sentence Patterns
1. 当某事有问题时，跟某种 When sth. is in question, as
is the case with …, sth. is of
情况一样……
little value.
2.
由于某种情况可能导 There is the danger that …,
致
某种严重结果。while …
3.
人们应该面对的真正问
题
Hence, the real question is
whether … but …
Section A
Animals or children? – A scientist’s choice
The end