Radiation and Waste Safety
Infrastructure in ASIA & PACIFIC
Ahmad Al Khatibeh
Section Head, Regulatory Infrastructure and Transport Safety Section
Division of Radiation and Waste Safety
Department of Nuclear Safety and Security
23 March 2016
Index
END
• Background;
• Practices
with
Sources
of
Ionizing
Radiation Exposure and the need for
Radiation Safety;
• Radiation Safety Approach by Six Thematic
Safety Areas (TSA) , ASIA&PACIFIC Status;
• RASIMS
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Background
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IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS
Fundamentals
END
Underlying principles
(aimed at politicians
and regulatory
bodies)
Specific obligations
and responsibilities
Requirements
(“shall”)
Guides
Recommendations to support
requirements (“should”)
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www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/SeriesMain.asp
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IAEA’S RADIATION SAFETY STANDARDS
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 IAEA Safety Standards are not legally binding on
Member States but may be adopted by them, at their own
discretion
 IAEA Safety Standards are binding on IAEA in relation to its own
operations and to operations assisted by the IAEA; and
 Member States receiving IAEA assistance are obliged to apply IAEA
Safety Standards
 Board of Governors have specifically requested that TC projects
involving radiation sources should only be submitted for approval if
the country has achieved a certain minimum level of radiation safety
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Legal Nature of the IAEA Safety Standards
Office Legal Affairs OLA (2010)
END
INFCIRC/267, which provide
in paragraph A.1(h) that “the
IAEA’s Safety Standards
and Measures SHALL be
applied , were relevant , to
operations making use of
Technical Assistance
provided”
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Assistance in Application of Safety Standards
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Agency Assistance in Radiation Safety (1970- 2009)
Field 9.
Number of Countries
Receiving Assistance
140
1986
Chernobyl
120
125
102
100
1979 Three Mile
Island
80
1994 Model
Projects
78
Rapat
Missions
60
2005
Regional
Projects
40
40
Regional
Projects
24
20
0
Proactive
Passive
1979
1989
1999
2009 2011
Years
Agency assistance on radiation safety since 1979
Source: TC- WONG, Sin May
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Practices with Sources of Ionizing
Radiation Exposure and the need for Radiation
Safety
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Uses of radiation in industry:
Non-destructive testing using industrial radiography
END
Car
industry
e.g: testing
airbags
Aero industry
e.g: testing airframes
Testing pipelines
& bridges
Electronic industry
e.g: testing circuit boards
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Uses of radiation cancer treatment
END
Radioactive sources
temporarily or
permanently in/on the
body (brachytherapy)
Treatment with radiation beam
(teletherapy)
By 2009 - estimated number of new
cancer cases per year : 15,000,000
(2/3 in developing countries)
source: United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of
Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR)
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Uses of radiation in nuclear medicine
END
Currently around 30 million
nuclear medicine examinations
take place in 70 countries per
year
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Uses of radiation in x-ray diagnosis
END
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Uses of radiation: Oil-well logging
END
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Uses of radiation: Sterilization
END
e.g.: irradiators used to extend shelf-life of
food, sterilize medical products, blood etc.
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EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION
END
• Deterministic
• Existence of dose threshold (under this dose, the
effect is not observable).
• Effect severity increase with dose.
• Stochastic
• No threshold.
• Probability of the effect increases with dose.
• Severity is considered maximum (equivalent to
fatal event).
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Accidents involving industrial
radiography
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• Source not
retracted (jammed
and/or
disconnected)
• Source retracted
but not locked in
the device
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Active Use: Accidents involving industrial
irradiators: El Salvador, 1989
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Workers over-ride safety systems and
enter the irradiation room when source
rack is unshielded and manipulate it
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Incorrect repair of accelerator (Spain)
END
27 patients were treated using electrons with
the faulty equipment
Of the 27 patients
15 died as a consequence of overexposure
– Radiation injuries of the lung and spinal cord
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Loss of control: Accidents in Industrial
radiography,
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Small size
of source
Ir-192 source used
for industrial
radiography
became detached
from the camera.
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Loss of control: teletherapy source, Goiania,
Brazil (1987)
 1985:Private
radiotherapy clinic
closed down
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1987: teletherapy head stolen
 Unit dismantled, Cs-137 source
capsule ruptured causing major
contamination, 4 deaths, buildings
demolished and costs US$20
million
=>

50.9 TBq (1375 Ci)
caesium-137 teletherapy
machine left in abandoned
clinic
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Who has been exposed ?
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• Workers
 industrial radiography
 irradiators (radioactive sources and accelerators)
• Public
 orphan sources
• Patients
 misadministration of radio-pharmaceuticals
 miscalibration/miscalculation of dose for radiotherapy
 brachytherapy sources left in patient
 overexposure during interventional procedures
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How can IAEA help?
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Radiation Safety Approach
by Six Thematic Safety Areas (TSA)
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Radiation and Waste Safety
Infrastructure Areas
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Thematic Safety Areas (TSA) :
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
TSA 1: Regulatory Framework
TSA 2: Occupational Radiation Protection
TSA 3: Patient Radiation Protection
TSA 4: Public Radiation Protection
TSA 5: Emergency Preparedness and Response
TSA 6: Education and Training
TSA7 Transport (New)
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Quantitative Assessment of Progress Performance Indicators (PIs)
END
• Each TSA is composed of various elements derived from IAEA Safety
Standards
• The progress made in each element by a State is assigned a Performance
Indicator between 0 (no progress) and 3 (good progress)
Country Status
PI = 3
3
PI = 0 or 1
Pefomance Indicators
PI = 2
2
1
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Remediation
Decommissioning
Disposal
Storage
Clearance Regime
Predisposal
management
General Safety
provision
WM & Decom
framework
National Waste Policy
Recycling
Control Chronic
Exposures
Control Foodstuffs
Environmental
Monitoring
Control Discharges
Non RWM framework
0
25
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National Regulatory
Infrastructure
(TSA 1)
National Regulatory Infrastructure (TSA 1)
END
Focuses on establishing an independent and functional
regulatory infrastructure in a Member State (MS) so that it
meets IAEA Safety Standards.
It include 14 Elements:
1. Legislation,
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Regulations and Guidance,
Regulatory Body Establishment
and independence
Regulatory Body Staffing and
Training
Regulatory Body Funding
Coordination and Cooperation
and the National Level
International Cooperation
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Notification and National
Register of Radiation Sources
Authorization
Safety and Security of
Radiation Sources
Inspection
Enforcement
Information management
Quality Management
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TSA 1 Status Asia & Pacific 2009-2012
END
2009
2012
Statu
s
25% low Progress
16% low Progress
40% Medium Progress
53% Medium Progress
35% High Progress
31% High Progress
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TSA 1 Status by Element 2012
END
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TSA 1 – Asia & the Pacific: Main Needs
END
TSA1 elements
% of MS with PI= 0 or PI = 1
Legislation
28%
Regulations
34%
RB structure/ Effective independence
28%
RB staffing
34%
RB Funding
34%
Co-ordination and co-operation
34%
International co-operation
38%
Notification and Register
28%
Authorization
28%
Safety and Security
34%
Inspection
38%
Enforcement
59%
Information Management
53%
Quality Management
69%
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TSA 1 – Asia & the Pacific: Main Needs
END
• A national system of radiation safety legislation has
been established in most of the countries.
• In most of the countries the current legislative
framework provides the basis for the safety and
security of radioactive sources.
• Availability of qualified staff to undertake the regulatory
activities.
Main needs:
• Registry of sources, inspection and authorization 30%
• Lack or Weak Enforcement system 59%
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Occupational Radiation Protection (TSA 2)
Occupational Radiation Protection (TSA 2)
END
To establish and develop a national programme for ORP in
compliance with the requirements of the BSS and relevant
safety guides;
Elements of TSA 2 include among others :
1. Individual monitoring for external radiation sources
2. Individual monitoring for intake radionuclides
3. Workplace monitoring
4. Service providers
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TSA 2 Status Asia & Pacific 2009-2012
END
2009
2012
35% low Progress
30% low Progress
55% Medium Progress
60% Medium Progress
10% High Progress
10% High Progress
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TSA 2 Status by Element
END
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TSA 2 – Asia & the Pacific: Main needs
END
TSA2 elements
% of MS with PI=0 or PI = 1
Regulatory Infrastructure
31%
Individual External Monitoring
31%
Individual Intake Monitoring
75%
Workplace Monitoring
50%
Services Providers
50%
End-users
63%
Natural sources
84%
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TSA 2 – Asia & the Pacific: Main needs
END
• Most of the countries have an external monitoring
system in place , however still 31% of the MSs in which
this system should be established;
• Limitations concerning facilities for monitoring of
internal exposure 75%;
• Limitations concerning facilities for
monitoring in almost 50% of the countries;
workplace
• Radiation protection activities due to natural sources
should be addressed 84%;
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Radiological Protection of Patients and
Protection in Medical Exposure
(TSA 3)
Radiological Protection of Patients (RPP)
Thematic Safety Area (TSA) 3
•
•
END
to enhance radiological protection of patients and the control of
exposures in diagnostic and interventional radiology, radiotherapy and
nuclear medicine;
to build capacity and develop technical capabilities for quality
assurance (QA) programmes for radiation protection in medicine;
•Radiation protection of patients in:
• diagnostic & interventional
radiology
• radiotherapy
• nuclear medicine
•Quality assurance
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TSA 3 Status Asia & Pacific 2009-2012
END
2009
2012
51% low Progress
50% low Progress
43% Medium
Progress
6% High Progress
44% Medium
Progress
6% High Progress
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TSA3 Status by Element 2012
END
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TSA 3 - Asia & the Pacific: Main needs
END
TSA3 elements
% of MS with PI=0 or PI = 1
Regulations
34
Diagnostic Radiology - Experts and RP training
75
Diagnostic Radiology - Optimization
75
Optimization in Radiography & Fluoroscopy
88
Optimization in Mammography
78
Optimization in CT
75
Interventional Procedures - Experts and RP training
88
Interventional Radiology - Optimization
94
Nuclear Medicine - Experts and RP training
53
Nuclear Medicine - Optimization
63
Radiotherapy - Experts and RP training
47
Radiotherapy - Optimization
44
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TSA 3 - Asia & the Pacific: Main needs
END
• Lack or weak implementation of quality assurance
programmes in diagnostic radiology.
• Lack of qualified experts and training in diagnostic
radiology.
• Lack of qualified experts and training in diagnostic
radiology and optimization
programmes in
Interventional Radiology.
• Establishment of patient dosimetry in hospitals is
missing in many countries
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Public & Environmental Radiological
Protection (TSA 4)
(including Waste Safety)
Division of Radiation, Waste and Transport Safety
Public Radiological Protection
END
Includes mainly:
• Optimization and
limitation of public
exposure.
• Environmental
monitoring.
• Safety of radioactive
waste management.
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TSA 4 Status Asia & Pacific 2009-2012
END
2009
2012
37% low Progress
37% low Progress
60% Medium
Progress
3% High Progress
60% Medium
Progress
3% High Progress
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TSA 4 Status for each element 2012
END
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TSA 4 - Asia & the Pacific: Main Needs
END
TSA4 elements
% of MS with PI=0 or PI = 1
Regulatory framework
41
Control Discharges
72
Environmental Monitoring
66
Control Foodstuffs
38
Control Chronic Exposures
84
Recycling
78
National Waste Policy
69
Waste management and Deco
59
General Safety provision
56
Predisposal management
72
Clearance Regime
78
Storage
63
Disposal
81
Decommissioning
97
Remediation
97
41% 72% 66% 38% 84% 78% 69% 59% 56% 72% 78% 63% 81% 97% 97%
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TSA 4 - Asia & the Pacific: Main Needs
END
• In many countries existing regulations only partially
consider the requirements for public exposure
established in the BSS.
• In many countries adequate criteria for discharges are
not defined, but regulatory activities and provisions
made by the operators appear to ensure a reasonable
standard of protection .
• Lack of National Strategy for Waste Management
• Lack of radioactivity control for recycling
• Limited national storage or disposal facilities
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Emergency Preparedness
and Response (EPR)
TSA 5
Incident and Emergency Centre (IEC)
IEC Mission Statement
END
Global Focal Point
for
International Preparedness and Response
to
Nuclear and Radiological Safety or Security
related Incidents, Emergencies, Threats or
Events of Media Interest
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Elements of TSA 5 in the Framework of EPR
END
ME 14: Infrastructure
ME 1: Basic
responsibilities
ME 2: Assessment of
threats
ME 13: Mitigating the
the non-radiological
consequences
ME 3: Emergency
management
ME 12: Longer term
protective actions
ME 4: Identifying,
notifying and activating
ME 11: Keeping the
public informed
MAIN
ELEMENTS
ME 5: Mitigatory actions
ME 6: Urgent protective
action
ME 10: Medical
response
ME 9: Assessing the
initial phase
ME 8: Protecting
emergency workers
ME 7: Information
response
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TSA 5 Status Asia & Pacific 2009-2012
END
2009
2012
38% low Progress
38% low Progress
53% Medium
Progress
9% High Progress
53% Medium
Progress
9% High Progress
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Status by Element
END
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Education and Training (TSA 6)
Division of Radiation, Waste and Transport Safety
Education and Training (E & T)
Thematic Safety Area 6
END
Building Capability through Education and Training (E & T)
in radiation, transport & waste safety in the Member States
(MS)to reach Self Sustainability
The objectives include:
•To support the target countries in their effort to attain a
core number of managers, qualified experts, trainers and
specialists in radiation protection; and
•to develop adequate expertise and skills required for
sustainable national radiation protection infrastructure.
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TSA 6 (Education and Training in Radiation and
Waste Safety)
END
• TSA 6 Regional Project – currently used
mainly to support Post Graduate Education
Course (PGEC) in radiation protection and
the safety of radiation sources.
• Future emphasis should focus on assisting
States to develop national strategies to
support sustainable E&T programmes at the
national level.
– New elements for TSA 6 are being developed
• PGEC support must also continue
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RASIMS
END
Radiation Safety Information
Management System
RASIMS
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RASIMS
END
• What is RASIMS?
• RASIMS is a webbased platform that
enables Member
States and the IAEA
Secretariat to jointly
collect, analyse and
view information
regarding the
national
infrastructure for
radiation and waste
safety.
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http://rasims.iaea.org
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RASIMS Includes Regional and National
Information and Performance Data
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END
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RASIMS Coordinators in ASIA & PACIFIC
END
Bangladesh
Mr Nuon
MONOROM
Thailand
Malaysia
Indonesia
Ms Aayda A. AL
SHEHHI
Dr Afkar AL
FARSI
United
Arab
Emirates
Oman
Ms Firoozeh
NAZERI
Ms Bushra
NASIM
Iran
Pakistan
Mrs Rawaa
JAMEL BASHIR
Mr Thanh
Luong DANG
Vietnam
Dr Corazon
C.BERNIDO
Iraq
Eng. Ashraf
GHASSAB
Mr Sunthorn
KOMOLSUK
Ms. Monalija
KOSTOR
Mr Yus Rusdian
AKHMAD
Philippine
s
Note Verbal: 21-04 -2011
Al KHATIBEH, Ahmad
(A.Al-Khatibeh@iaea.org)
Syria
Lebanon
Cambodia
Dr Riad
SHWEIKAN
Dr Youssef
ASSAFIRI
Md. Mahbubur
Rahman
Mr Khaledn
Abdullah AlAhmed
Yemen
Jordan
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Summary
END
IAEA are helping Member States to:
 Establish and maintain effective National
Radiation Safety Infrastructures
 Adopt and apply the International Safety
Standards in all TSAs
 Implement the Code of Conduct
 Develop sustainable education and training
 Increase safety culture and awareness – public,
political
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But…Government
commitment is needed
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NSRW - summary
END
Working for, and with, Member States
to establish a global safety regime
that ensures the protection of
workers, patients,
the public and the environment
from the adverse effects of ionizing radiation
http://wwwns.iaea.org/home/rtws.asp
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END
Thank You for your Attention
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