HEALTH GEOGRAPHY OF ANDHRA
PRADESH
Dr. B.Shrinagesh
Prof. Kalpana Markandey
Mr. Kiran Baktula
Mr. Bhagiaiah
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
Globalization “is the closer integration of countries and peoples
of the world…..brought about by the enormous reduction of
costs of transportation and communication ,and the breaking
down of artificial barriers to the flow of goods, services,
capital, Knowledge, and people across borders.
Joseph Stiglitz
Globalization and its Impact
•
The world has become increasingly interconnected
and interdependent
•
This has positive and negative consequences
•
Rapid industrialization and urbanization
•
Demand for energy and land
•
Profits maximized : no focus on standards and
regulation
•
Pollution, improper waste disposal
•
Depletion of natural resources
•
Increased consumption
•
Globalization and infectious diseases
• With changing climate, people have become more
vulnerable to health risk at global level.
•
With the changing climate and the environment,
and the change in the seasons, which in turn,
affecting agriculture globally.
• India, is not far behind, the current drought and
flood situation is an indication to the future.
• The deficiency in food nutrition has set new
challenges to the government.(Food Bill was Passed
in Parliament on 26/08/2013 IST)
• Common person has become a soft target to
various new diseases.
Factors that Influence the Earth's Climate
Source: Internet
Modulating
influences
Health
Healtheffects
Effects
Temperature-related
Temperature
-related
illness and death
Extreme weatherExtreme
weatherrelated (floods,
storms,
related
health
effects
etc.) health effects
Human
exposures
Climate
Change
Air pollution-related
health effects
Regional weather
changes
Microbial
changes:
Contamination
pathways
Contamination paths
•Heat waves
•Extreme weather
•Temperature
••Precipitation
Transmission
Transmission dynamics
dynamics
•Sea-level rise
Water
Water and
and food-borne
food-borne
diseases
diseases
Vector
Vector -borne
borne and
and
rodent
borne
rodent borne diseases
diseases
Changes in agroecosystems, hydrology
Effects of food and
water shortages
Socioeconomic and
demographic disruption
Mental, nutritional,
infectious-disease and
other effects
Changes in climatic phenomenon
Higher maximum temperatures
- more hot days
Higher minimum temperatures,
- fewer cold days and frost days
Increase of heat index over land areas
More intense precipitation events
Increased summer continental drying and
associated risk of drought
Increase in tropical cyclone peak wind
intensities
Increase in tropical cyclone mean and peak
precipitation intensities
Confidence in observed
changes
(latter half of 1900s)
Probability of projected
changes to 2100
Likely
Very likely
Very likely
Very likely
Likely
Very likely
Likely,
(N mid to high latitudes)
Very likely
Likely, in a few areas
Likely, over most midlatitude continental
interiors.
Not observed in the few
analysis available
Likely, over some areas
Insufficient data
Likely, over some areas
IPCC WORKING GROUP I, Third Assessment Report, 2001
Physical
Environment
Workplace
Social
Environment
• Pollution
• Respiratory Diseases
• Skin Diseases
• Eye Diseases
• Cluttered Built Environment
• Sewerage, Garbage and Hygiene related problems
• Deadlines
• Stress in interpersonal relations
• Psychosomatic diseases
• Distances travelled
• Impact on family time, relations and social distress
• Anonymity and Crime
• Transiency in social relations
• Stress in interpersonal relations
Social Pathology
In fact, different locations on earth are usually associated
with different profiles:
• physical,
• biological,
• environmental,
• economical,
• social,
• cultural and
• sometimes even spiritual profiles, that do affect and are
affected by health, disease and healthcare.
These profiles and associated health and disease conditions
may also change with time (the longitudinal or temporal
dimensions).
BIZARRE
OR
Today’s highly mobile, interdependent and
interconnected world provides myriad opportunities
for the rapid spread of infectious diseases
Since the 1970s, newly emerging diseases have
been identified at the unprecedented rate of one or
more per year.
There are now nearly 40 diseases that were
unknown a generation ago. In addition, during the
last five years, WHO has verified more than 1100
epidemic events worldwide.
The categories and examples given below illustrate the
variety and breadth of public health threats confronting
people today.
Epidemic-prone diseases
Food borne diseases
Accidental and deliberate outbreaks
Toxic chemical accidents
Radio nuclear accidents
Environmental disasters
Infectious diseases
Infectious diseases such as

Malaria,

Leprosy,

Filariasis,

Tuberculosis,

Hepatitis and

Sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS
are major health issues
Significance of the study
Health geography plays a vital role in public health
surveillance, including the design and monitoring of the
implementations of health interventions and disease
prevention strategies.
Geographical research into healthcare services can also help
identifying inequities in health service delivery between
classes and region, and in the efficient allocation and
monitoring of scarce healthcare resources.
As a modelling and decision support tool, GIS can help
determining the geographical distribution and variation of
diseases (e.g. prevalence, incidence) and associated
factors, analyzing spatial and longitudinal trends, mapping
population at risk and stratifying risk factors.
Andhra Pradesh is one of the fastest growing states in the
country.
IT development has made A.P. as the most preferred global
destination. Many MNCs have established themselves.
In spite of development in IT field, there is considerable
backwardness in Health sector.
During the last ten years, the state has witnessed many new
health related problems mainly in the rural areas.
When it comes to the urban areas, the city of Hyderabad,
which is considered as the health capital of India, has its own
drawbacks.
Objectives
• To study the prevalent diseases across
the state of Andhra Pradesh.
• To study the infrastructural facilities
available and suggest the alternatives.
Methodology
Data Collection
Spatial Data
Satellite Image
( Medium &
High Resolution)
AP Map &
Survey of India
Toposheets
Primary
(Attribute
Data)
Sample Survey
of villages
Secondary
(Attribute
Data)
DMHO data
APVVP data
Data from DME
And other private
hospitals
Digitization of
Layer
Boundaries
Carving of AOI
Linking of Spatial &
Attribute Data
DATA SOURCES

Primary Data through a sample survey of households by
means of a multidimensional questionnaire

Directorate of Medical and Health Office

Andhra Pradesh Vaidya Vidhana Parishad

National Sample Survey

Directorate of Medical Education

Private Hospitals and Research centres

Census of India

Satellite Imagery of the disasters form NRSC

Toposheet and ground checks
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND
HEALTH
LANDUSE/LANDCOVER
OF ANDHRA PRADESH
WATER BODIES OF AP
PREVALENT DISEASES
IN
ANDHRA PRADESH
DISEASES PREVALENT IN ANDHRA
PRADESH 2001-2011
3500
NO.0F CASES
3000
CHICKEN POX
2500
CHOLERA
2000
DIPTHERIA
DYSENTRY
1500
FOOD POISON
GE
1000
HEPATITIS
MALARIA
500
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
YEAR
2008
2009
2010
2011
Contd.
DISEASES PREVALENT IN ANDHRA
PRADESH 2001-2011
14000
12000
MEASELS
MENINGITIS
No. OF CASES
10000
DENGU FEVER
8000
BRINCO PNEMONIA
SMALL POX
6000
TETANUS
TB
4000
TYPHOID
WHOOPHING COUGH
2000
OTHERS
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
YEAR
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
DEATHS AS PER DISEASES PREVALENT
No. OF DEATHS
30
25
CHICKEN POX
CHOLERA
20
DIPTHERIA
DYSENTRY
FOOD POISON
15
GE
HEPATITIS
10
MALARIA
5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
YEAR
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Contd.
DEATHS AS PER DISEASES PREVALENT
No.OF DEATHS
80
MEASELS
70
MENINGITIS
60
DENGU FEVER
50
BRINCO PNEMONIA
40
SMALL POX
TETANUS
30
TB
20
TYPHOID
10
WHOOPHING COUGH
OTHERS
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
YEAR
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Gastroenteritis cases in Andhra Pradesh
1991-2001
45000
40000
35000
30000
25000
Cases
Deaths
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
MALARIA CASES IN ANDHRA PRADESH
2006-2010
45000
40000
35000
CASES
30000
25000
M2006 C
20000
M2007 C
M2008 C
15000
M2009 C
M2010 C
10000
5000
0
DISTRICTS
MALARIA DEATHS IN ANDHRA PRADESH
2006-2010
20
18
16
14
DEATHS
12
10
2006
8
2007
2008
6
2009
4
2010
2
0
DISTRICT
MALARIA CASES & DEATHS IN ANDHRA PRADESH
2002-2012
CASES AND DEATHS
40000
39099
38053
35995
35427
35337
34081
35000
30000
33393
27803
26424
25152
24508
25000
MALARIA CASES
20000
MALARIA DEATHS
15000
10000
5000
0
3
2
2002
2003
2004
10
0
2
0
3
2006
2007
2008
2009
20
5
2
2011
2012
0
2005
YEAR
2010
50
45
40
35
30
25
CDRPER 1000 POPULATION
20
INFANT Mortality rate per 1000 Live births
15
10
5
RURAL
URBAN
TOTAL
FEMALE
MALE
TOTAL
FEMALE
MALE
TOTAL
FEMALE
MALE
0
TOTAL
PROJECTION OF VITAL STATISTICS
80
70
60
50
2001-05
40
2006-10
2011-15
30
2016-20
2021-25
20
10
0
POPULATION CRUDE BIRTH CRUDE DEATH
INFANT
GROWTH
RATE
RATE
MORTALITY
RATE
RATE
UNDER-5
MORTALITY
RATE
TOTAL
FERTILITY
RATE
EXPECTATION EXPECTATION
OF LIFE AT
OF LIFE AT
BIRTH FOR
BIRTH FOR
MALES
FEMALES
INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES
Amartya Sen for better health care (24-10-2009) (The Hindu)
Nobel laureate Amartya Sen said that India needs to invest
more on providing basic health care services, especially in
rural areas and backward states.
The elementary health care services are worst in some of
the backward states like Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Jharkand.
He also lauded India’s growth trajectory but he
emphasized that health care planning is not able to tackle
various problems in its implementation.
STRENGTH OF HOSPITALS IN AP, DISTRICT WISE 2011
DISTRICT
Sub Centres
PHCs
CHCs
SDH
Dist Hosp
ADILABAD
470
70
13
2
0
ANANTHAPUR
609
82
11
3
0
CHITTOOR
653
94
9
5
1
CUDDAPAH
462
72
12
1
1
EAST GODAVARI
809
96
20
3
1
GUNTUR
689
74
16
2
1
HYDERABAD
53
10
0
4
1
KARIMNAGAR
580
70
16
3
1
KHAMMAM
591
69
13
2
1
KRISHNA
609
72
9
2
1
KURNOOL
576
88
18
1
1
MAHABOOBNAGAR
680
85
14
4
1
MEDAK
489
67
8
3
1
NALGONDA
626
72
4
4
1
NELLORE
481
61
15
2
1
NIZAMABAD
412
50
14
3
1
PRAKASHAM
555
85
14
3
0
RANGA REDDY
399
48
9
1
1
SRIKAKULAM
488
86
14
2
0
VISHAKAPATNAM
573
76
13
2
0
VIZIANAGARAM
470
58
10
1
1
WARANGAL
605
69
14
2
0
WEST GODAVARI
643
70
15
3
1
PUBLIC HEALTH CENTRES
ANDHRA PRADESH
Climate change and Health –
Impact on Health through Climate change, Mitigation and Adaptation.
CASE STUDY – I
NETWORK ANALYSIS
Conclusions
More health workers are located in urban areas than in rural
areas. The availability of health workers and therefore health
services is much better for the urban population as compared
to
the rural.differences are quite high both in Andhra Pradesh and at the
Rural-urban
national level.
There is also a large difference in the per capita availability
of health workers between rural and urban areas, indicating
the disadvantage of rural people in terms of access to health
services in general and public health services in particular.
Owing to inadequate public health facilities, while awareness
and demand for health services are increasing, private health
care has developed on a wide scale.
 The rising cost of health care at the household level is a cause
of concern and needs public action. The average share of
household budget spent (7 per cent) on health care is relatively
higher than the share of public budget spent (5 per cent) on
health care in the state.