( Eg: Hard cover of thesis)
THESIS TITLE (ENGLISH)
STUDENT’S NAME
FACULTY OF BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTH
ASIA METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY
YEAR
(Eg: Inside the thesis)
THESIS TITLE (ENGLISH)
STUDENT’S NAME
(ID NO)
THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
BACHELOR OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE (HONS)
FACULTY OF BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTH
ASIA METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY
YEAR
ASIA METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY
ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION
Name of Candidate:
(I.C/Passport No:
Registration/Matric No:
Name of Degree: Bachelor of Biomedical Science (Hons)
Title of dissertation (“this Work”):
Field of Study:
I do solemnly and sincerely declare that:
1) I am the sole author/writer of this Work;
2) This Work is original;
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purposes and any excerpt or extract from, or reference to or reproduction of any copyright work has
been disclosed expressly and sufficiently and the title of the Work and its authorship have been
acknowledged in this Work;
4) I do not have any actual knowledge nor do I ought reasonably to know that the making of this work
constitutes an infringement of any copyright work;
5) I hereby assign all and every rights in the copyright to this Work to the Asia Metropolitan University
(“AMU”), who henceforth shall be owner of the copyright in this Work and that any reproduction or
use in any form or by any means whatsoever is prohibited without the written consent of AMU
having been first had and obtained;
6) I am fully aware that if in the course of making this Work I have infringed any copyright whether
intentionally or otherwise, I may be subject to legal action or any other action as may be determined
by AMU.
Candidate’s Signature
Date
Subscribed and solemnly declared before,
Witness’s Signature
Name:
Designation:
Date
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost praise be to Almighty Allah for all his blessings for giving me patience and
good health throughout the duration of this research.
I am very fortunate to have Professor Dr. … as a research supervisor. Also, I would like
to express my high appreciation to my co-supervisor Dr. … Moreover, I would like to thank all
graduate students of Bachelor of Biomedical Science for their help, friendship, and creating a
pleasant working environment throughout my years in AMU.
Last but not least, I would gratefully acknowledge financial support provided by AMU
under grant numbers ……
Thank you.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
iv
LIST OF TABLES
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ix
LIST OF SYMBOLS
x
ABSTRACT
xi
ABSTRAK
xii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Background
1
1.2 Problem Statement
1
1.3 Objectives of Research and Scope of Works
1
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Distributed Generation
2
2.1.1 Distributed Generation
2
2.1.2 Effect of Distributed Generation
2
2.2 Protection Issues for Distribution Networks
2.2.1 Short Circuit Currents
3
2.2.2 Power Flow
3
2.2.3 Overcurrent Protection
3
2.3 Distribution Systems
3
2.3.1 Review of Distribution Networks
3
2.4 Review of Distributed Generation
3
2.4.1 Distribution System Protection
3
.4.2 Review of Protection Methods
3
2.5 Chapter Summary
4
CHAPTER III MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Introduction
5
3.2 Radial Basis Function Neural Network
5
3.3 Distribution Network
5
3.3.1 Network
5
3.3.2 Classification
5
3.3.3 Location
5
3.3.4 Determination
6
3.3.5 Restoration
6
3.3.6 Generation
6
3.4 Chapter Summary
6
CHAPTER IV RESULTS
4.1 Introduction
7
4.2 Protection
7
4.2.1 Main and Backup
7
4.2.2 Device
7
4.3 Algorithm
7
4.4 Proposed Strategy
7
4.4.1 Main Algorithm
8
4.4.2 Backup Algorithm
8
4.5 Chapter Summary
8
CHAPTER V DISCUSSION
5.1 Results of
9
5.1.1 Results for Location
11
5.2 Results of Strategy
11
5.2.1 Results of Strategy for the 14 bus test system
11
CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION
6.1 Conclusion
12
6.2 Significant Contributions of the Research
12
6.3 Suggestions for Future Work
12
REFERENCES
13
APPENDIXES
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NUMBER
PAGE
2.1 Summary of technologies
3
3.1 Fault Type Data
4
4.1 Settings of OC relays
4
4.2 The expected relay in various lines
5
5.1 14-bus test system
6
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NUMBER
PAGE
1.1 Electric power system
1
2.1 Short-circuit current
2
2.2 Network equivalent circuit
3
2.3 Thevenin equivalent circuit
4
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
DG: Distributed Generation
MLPNN : Multi Layer Perceptron Neural Network
RBFNN: Radial Basis Function Neural Network
W: Watt
kW: kiloWatt
MW: Mega Watt
AC: Alternating current
DC: Direct Current
km: Kilometer
kV: Kilo Volt
MVA: Mega Volte Ampere
MSE: Mean Square Error
OC: Overcurrent Relay
LIST OF SYMBOLS
l: Feeder Length
d: Distance
dtot: Total Feeder Length
: Impedance Z
: Total Line-Impedance L Z
: The DG Impedance DG Z
: The Source Impedance S Z
: Voltages of the Main Source S U
: Voltages
of DG Unit DG U
: Current I
: Short Circuit Current SC I
: The Grid Contribution of the Short Circuit Current S SCI ,
ABSTRACT
The willingness to walk by the AMU in the university depend on facility provided. The
objectives of this research is to discuss factors which influence walking distance for university
student. Walking become main transportation modes and can not be avoid because walking is
basic for other transportation modes. This willingness to walk research relate the willingness to
walk with walking facilities and car park. State Preference Survey method used in this research.
The survey questionnaire was design and distribute to respondent for collect data. The analyze
progress done by use Microsoft Excel 2003 software. Linear regression method helps in produce
transportation model. Three transportation models for willingness student to walking in
university produce to illustrate distance that will cause student make decision to walk. This kind
of models can be used in determine distance for facilities which suit for student. Necessary for
walking facilities like weather protection system also can be known by the model. From
research, car park facilities should be placed within 500 m. Build of weather protection system
between 300 m to 600 m will increase percentage willingness of student AMU to walk one times
more.
ABSTRAK
Kesudian berjalan kaki pelajar AMU dalam kawasan universiti bersandar kepada kemudahan
yang telah disediakan. Objektif kajian ini adalah mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
jarak perjalanan pelajar dalam universiti. Berjalan kaki menjadi mod pengangkutan utama dan
tidak boleh diabaikan kerana merupakan asas kepada mod pengangkutan lain. Kajian kesudian
berjalan kaki dikaji dengan mengaitkan dengan kesudian berjalan kaki dengan kemudahan
berjalan kaki dan tempat letak kereta. Kaedah soal selidik pilihan keadaan (State Preference
Survey) digunakan bagi kajian ini. Borang soal selidik direka dan diagihkan kepada responden
untuk mendapatkan data. Penganalisan data dijalankan dengan menggunakan perisian Microsoft
Excel 2003. Keadah regresi linear membantu untuk menghasilkan model pengangkutan. Tiga
model pengangkutan kesudian berjalan kaki oleh pelajar AMU telah dihasilkan mengambarkan
jarak yang menyebabkan pelajar bertindak berjalan kaki. Modal-modal ini boleh digunakan
untuk menentukan jarak pembinaan kemudahan yang bersesuaian dengan kehendak pelajar
universiti. Keperluan bagi kemudahan pejalan kaki seperti sistem perlindungan cuaca boleh
dikenapasti dengan model yang dihasilkan. Daripada kajian, didapati pembinaan kemudahan
tempat letak kenderaan haruslah dalam lingkungan 500 m. Pembinaan sistem perlindungan cuaca
antara 300 m hingga 600 m membolehkan peratusan kesudian pelajar AMU bertindak berjalan
kaki meningkat satu kali ganda.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND
In the recent years, the electrical utilities are undergoing rapid restructuring process worldwide.
In the recent years, the utilities are undergoing rapid restructuring process worldwide.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
As a high penetration
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH AND SCOPE OF WORKS
This research focuses on the development of new techniques for
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
Typically, distribution systems
2.1.1 Distributed Generation
Distributed generation can be defined as the generation of electricity by facilities that
are sufficiently smaller than
2.1.2 Effect of Distributed Generation
Defining the mesh currents 1 I and 2 I and applying the Kirchhoff’s voltage law for
2.2 PROTECTION DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS IN THE PRESENCE OF
Conflicts between DG unit and
2.2.1 Short Circuit Currents
The fault contribution from a
2.2.2 Power Flow
Radial distribution networks are usually designed for unidirectional Power flow
2.2.3 Protection
Overcurrent protection schemes for radial distribution systems are designed based on the
available
2.3 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Electric power systems that are
2.3.1 Review of Methods in Distribution Networks with Distributed Generation
Fault location in a distribution system
CHAPTER III
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter describes the proposed
3.2 RADIAL BASIS FUNCTION NEURAL NETWORK
The RBFNN is a feed-forward neural network consisting of three layers, namely, an input layer
3.3 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
An important consideration in
3.3.1 Network
Prior to the RBFNN implementation, adaptive protection is a relatively new which is defined as
the ability of a protection system to automatically
3.3.2 Classification
The second step is to identify
3.3.3 Location
After identifying the fault type,
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter describes a novel protection
4.2 PROTECTION FUNDAMENTAL
Protective devices are operated to isolate
4.2.1 Main and Backup
Main protection should
4.2.2 Device
The protection coordination study involves the preparation of the one-line diagram of a power
system
4.3 ALGORITHM
The algorithm which is based on heuristics is an optimal search method satisfied.
CHAPTER V
DISCUSSION
5.1 RESULTS OF FAULT DIAGNOSIS USING RBFNN
The proposed fault diagnosis method using
5.1.1 Results for the 14 Bus Test System
To verify the performance and accuracy of the proposed
5.1.2 Results for the 22 Bus Test System
A 22 bus, 20 kV distribution network with 2 DG units shown in Figure 5.3 is selected as the test
system to verify the performance and accuracy of the proposed
5.1.3 Results for the 32 Bus Test System
To verify the performance and accuracy of the proposed fault
5.1.4 Comparison between RBFNN and MLPNN Results
To further evaluate the effectiveness of
5.2 RESULTS OF STRATEGY
This section presents the results of the proposed
5.2.1 Results of Strategy for the 14 bus test system
To verify the performance and accuracy of the proposed
5.2.2 Results of Strategy for the 22 bus test system
The proposed
5.2.3 Results of Strategy for the 32 bus test system
To verify the performance and accuracy of the proposed
CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSION
6.1 CONCLUSION
In this thesis,
To achieve the first objective of the research which is to the impact of
To address the second objective of the research which is to develop an automated
The third objective is to develop a new
6.2 SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE RESEARCH
The major contributions of this thesis are summarized as follows:
i. The proposed method
ii. The use
iii. The proposed method
6.3 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK
The proposed techniques for
i. To explore the use of
ii. To implement feature selection
REFERENCES
Abdul M. & Mazumder 1999. A neural network approach to fault diagnosis in a
distribution system. International Journal of Power & Energy Systems 19 (2):
129-134.
Abdelaziz, A. Y., Talaat, H. E. A., Nosseir, A. I. & Hajjar, A. A. 2002. An adaptive
protection scheme for optimal coordination of overcurrent relays. Electric Power
Systems Research 61(1): 1-9.
Baghzouz, Y. 2005. Voltage Regulation and Overcurrent Protection Issues in Distribution
Feeders with Distributed Generation - A Case Study. 38th Annual Hawaii
International Conference on System Sciences. 66b-66b.
Bretas, A., Moreto, M., Salim, R. & Pires, L. 2006. A novel high impedance fault
location for distribution systems considering distributed generation. IEEE PES
Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, Latin America,
Venezuela. 1-6.
Chaitusaney, S. & Yokoyama, A. 2005. Impact of protection coordination on sizes of
several distributed generation sources. The 7th International Power Engineering
Conference, (IPEC 2005) 669-674 Vol. 662.
Cheung, H., Hamlyn, A., Cungang, Y. & Cheung, R. 2007. Network-based Adaptive
Protection Strategy for Feeders with Distributed Generations. IEEE Canada
Electrical Power Conference (EPC 2007). 514-519.
Doyle, M. T. 2002. Reviewing the impacts of distributed generation on distribution
system protection. Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 2002 IEEE. 1:
103-105 vol.101.
El-Zonkoly, A. M. 2011. Fault diagnosis in distribution networks with distributed
generation. Electric Power Systems Research 81(7): 1482-1490.
Fei, W. & Ying, S. 2003. An Improved Matrix Algorithm for Fault Location in
Distribution Network of Power Systems Automation of Electric Power Systems
24(3).
Gaonkar, D. N. 2010. Distributed Generation. Croatia: InTech.
Hui, W., Li, K. K. & Wong, K. P. 2010. An Adaptive Multiagent Approach to Protection
Relay
APPENDIX A
MATLAB CODE
clear all;
clc;
% determine network
% DataNetwork_1;
% DataNetwork_2;
DataNetwork_3;
% define faulted line
Nline_fault = 2;