COMN 2111 Review for Xmas Exam
Lecture 12
Check the Course Flasher For
the Time and Place of the
Exam
THE EXAM CASES
• You should have downloaded and reviewed
the cases by now
• Perhaps even gone over them in tutorial.
– Cases allow us to describe ineffective behavior
and talk that can occur in typical situations. Your
job is to review them and see what kinds of course
concepts might be used to explain the situations
described.
– For this exam they are very short.
THE EXAM
• Written in two hours.
TWO ICONS TO NOTICE
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MEANS THIS IS A SHORT ANSWER
MEANS THAT THIS CONCEPT IS
REFERRED TO IN AN ESSAY
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
MODEL
• USE IP MODEL ON FOLLOWING SLIDE AS A
GUIDE TO
• IDENTIFYING KEY CONCEPTS IN THE IP
COMUNICATION MODEL, INCLUDING
• THE SELF-FEEDBACK LOOPS (6 PEOPLE IN A
TWO-PERSON CONVERSATION)
• WHICH WAS COVERED IN LECTURE AND TEXT
THE IP COMMUNICATION MODEL
SEVEN AXIOMS OF INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION
IP communication
1. Is inevitable, irreversible and unrepeatable.
2. Is a process of on-going adjustment over time.
3. Always contains relationship and content dimensions.
4. Is complementary or symmetrical in effect.
5. Is always seen by each participant as a “series of punctuated
events.”
6. Is a transactional process.
And my pragmatic axiom
7. Is always about one or both parties needing to be or feel right
when faced with difference, disagreement, or disorder.
CULTURE: A SOCIETAL STORE OF MEANINGS
LEARNING THE SOCIAL ORDER
CULTURE IS:
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A WAY OF LIFE THAT IS LEARNED AND SHARED BY GROUPS OF HUMAN
BEINGS AND TAUGHT BY ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT.
CULTURE CONSISTS OF:
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KNOWLEDGE - HOW WORLD IS CONSTRUCTED AND WORKS (INCLUDING
LANGUAGE)
VALUES - MOST IMPORTANT GOALS WORTH ACHIEVING
SYMBOLIC EXPRESSION - MEANS OF COMMUNICATION (INCLUDING LANGUAGE)
WE MUST CREATE MEANINGS USING WORDS
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WORD MEANINGS ARE BOTH DENOTATIVE AND CONNOTATIVE
MEANINGS ARE CONTEXT-BASED
WORDS AND NON-VERBALS INTERACT
MEANINGS ARE RELATIONAL (NON-VERBAL CUES WITHIN A MESSAGE GIVE
MEANING)
SUMMARIZED BY BERLO: “MEANINGS ARE IN PEOPLE NOT WORDS”
NON-VERBALS AND MEANING
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MOST OF MEANING IN FACE-TO-FACE TALK IS IN THE WAY WE
TALK NOT IN THE WORDS THEMSELVES
IN THE WAY WE LOOK WHILE WE’RE TALKING
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AND THE WAY THE WE SOUND
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IN MEHRABIAN’S FAMOUS STUDY, WHEN PEOPLE WEREN’T SURE OF THE
WORDS THEY WERE HEARING
FACIAL GESTURES CREATE 55% OF THE MEANING IMPACT ON OTHERS
AND THE SOUND OF OUR VOICES CREATE 38% OF THE IMPACT ON OTHERS
NON-VERBALS COMMUNICATE EMOTIONS USING THE SAME
TWO CHANNELS
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THE WAY WE SPEAK
SOUND OF VOICE - PITCH, VARIABILITY
SPEED, ARTICULATION
EMPHASIS
THE WAY WE LOOK:
• BASIC HUMAN EMOTIONS ARE COMMUNICATED THROUGH FACIAL
GESTURES
We Have Two Minds
Conscious Mind
-
Its work is effortful, slow, controllable and flexible.
Rational thought and problem-solving work.
Cognitive Unconscious Mind
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It works in completely different way than the conscious mind.
It works
• Effortlessly,
• Fast (it operates in milliseconds)
• Automatically (uncontrolled) and is
• Rigid in its judgments.
Three Key Functions of the Cognitive Unconscious
1. Supports rational decision-making (doesn’t all happen in the conscious mind)
2. Constantly evaluates the world around us (allows us to feel or sense “what’s going on”
instantly)
3. Initiates action in a sophisticated and efficient manner (because it can anticipate “what’s
going to happen next?” - in the next moment.)
It has no words so it communicates through small surges of emotional
energy in the body.
EMOTIONS AND MEANING
• EMOTIONS: BODY-BASED COMMUNICATION
•
INSTANT BIO-CHEMICAL (+) OR (-) RESPONSES IN THE BODY TO CHANGES IN THE
SITUATION
• NON-VERBALS THEN VERBALS
• WE REACT FIRST, THINK SECOND
• DIFFUSE PHSYIOLOGICAL AROUSAL
• NON-VERBAL DISPLAYS
• EMOTIONS AND COGNITION
• OUR CONSCIOUS MIND INTERPRETS CHANGES IN THE BODY AS
FEELINGS
• IF THESE FEELINGS LAST LONGER THAN THE SITUATION THAT AROUSED
THEM THEY ARE CALLED MOODS
• AND THEY CAN AFFECT OUR THINKING (COGNITION)
– WHEN EMOTIONS TAKE OVER COMPLETELY – BEFORE THE
CONSCIOUS MIND CAN INTERVENE - WE CAN HAVE WHAT IS
CALLED “AN AMYGDALA HI-JACK”. IT IS DESCRIBED AS A
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QUICK
VERY STRONG REACTION,
INVOLVING INAPPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR
EMOTIONS AND MEANING
• WE MAY BE UNAWARE OR UNACCEPTING OF OUR
FEEINGS AND LACK SKILLS TO EXPRESS THEM
• BEING ABLE TO NAME THEM HELPS US TO
COMMUNICATE THEM. SO
– WE CAN FOLLOW PLUTCHIK’S CIRCUMPLEX MODEL
EFFECTIVE EXPRESSION OF EMOTIONS
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ALTHOUGH NON-VERBALS ARE MOSTLY OUT OF IMMEDIATE
CONSCIOUS CONTROL,
WE CAN CHOOSE TO BECOME CONSCIOUS OF AND REGULATE
OUR EMOTIONS (AVOID HI-JACKS) AND
EXPRESS OUR FEELINGS (THE COGNITIVE ASPECT OF OUR
EMOTIONS) MORE EFFECTIVELY. HERE’S HOW:
– WE CAN:
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ACCURATELY DESCRIBE THEM
IDENTIFY REASONS FOR OUR FEELINGS
ANCHOR IN THE PRESENT
AVOID ALLNESS STATEMENTS
OWN OUR FEELINGS
USE “I”-MESSAGES, NOT “YOU”- MESSAGES
SAY WHAT WE WANT THE LISTENER TO DO
PERCEPTION AND MEANING
• PERCEPTION - WE ORGANIZE DATA INTO STABLE,
CONSISTENT, OVERLY SIMPLE IMAGES
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THIS HAPPENS IN THE CONSCIOUS MIND BUT THE UNCONSCIOUS SHAPES
THESE REACTIONS. WE UNTHINKINGLY USE:
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PROXIMITY, RESEMBLANCE,
– PRIMACY (FIRST IMPRESSIONS)
– CONSISTENCY
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PRE-PACKAGED REALITY
– IMPLICIT PERSONALITY THEORY
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WE NEED TO KEEP OUR PERCEPTIONS STABLE OVER TIME:
– SELF-SERVING BIAS (THE FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR)
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OUR FAVORITE PERCEPTUAL SET - THE SELF
WHEN CHALLENGED WE AUTOMATICALLY DEFEND FIRST. WE LEARN LAST.
FOUR AXIOMS OF INTERPERSONAL
PERCEPTION
1. WE ARE HIGHLY SELECTIVE
1. WE SEEK CONSISTENCY BETWEEN OUR SELFCONCEPT, OUR OWN BEHAVIOR AND INFORMATION
FROM OTHERS AROUND US (THE OUTSIDE WORLD)
1. IF WE CAN’T ALTER CHALLENGING DATA, WE DISTORT
OR IGNORE IT (WE DEFEND OURSELVES)
1. PEOPLE WILL CHANGE PERCEPTIONS IF ACTIVELY
INVOLVED
COGNITION AND MEANING
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COGNITION - THE WAY WE THINK; WORDS WE CHOOSE TO
THINK WITH
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MOSTLY CONSCIOUS MIND
BUT THE COGNITIVE UNCONSCIOUS “DRIVES” OUR THINKING UP THE LADDER
OF INFERENCE AND WHEN WE TALK
WE TAKE THE UNCALCULATED RISK. WE SPEAK AS IF WE ARE MAKING:
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WE OFTEN CAN’T TELL THE DIFFERENCE AND WHEN WE FEEL NEGATIVE
EMOTIONS WE SPEAK AND THINK IN WAYS THAT ARE BARRIERS TO
COMMUNICATION
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FACTUAL STATEMENTS: ABOUT INFORMATION THAT CAN BE VERIFIED OR
DISPROVED,
WHEN IN FACT, WE ARE EITHER MAKING
INFERENCES: STATEMENTS ABOUT THE UNKNOWN MADE ON THE BASIS OF WHAT IS
KNOWN OR
JUDGMENTS: STATEMENTS OF APPROVAL OF DISAPPROVAL
ALLNESS
STATIC EVALUATION
INDISCRIMINATION
POLARIZATION
WE THINK AND SPEAK THIS WAY TO PROTECT OUR SENSE OF
SELF
MEAD’S MODEL OF SELF
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THE “I”: SPONTANEOUS, CREATIVE SELF, RESPONDS TO
INNER NEEDS NOT SOCIAL NORMS.
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THE “ME”: YOUR “SOCIAL SELVES” :THE ROLES PLAYED OTHERS PERSPECTIVES IMPORTED INTO SELF. MONITOR OF
YOUR IMPULSIVE SELF (“ I”)
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MEAD’S MODEL OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELF
– THE SELF ARISES THROUGH COMMUNICATION WITH OTHERS
– IMITATIVE/ANTICIPATORY STAGE –
• CHILD IMITATES BITS AND PIECES OF ACTIONS – A FEW WORDS
– PLAY STAGE –
• ROLE TAKING IS LEARNED HERE. LOOK AT YOURSELF AND YOUR
BEHAVIOR FROM ANOTHER’S POINT OF VIEW.
– GAME STAGE –
• THE POWER OF THE GENERALIZED OTHER (RULES) IS LEARN HERE
SELF-CONCEPT AND SELF
ESTEEM
• SELF-CONCEPT IS OUR PERCEPTION/COGNITION OF SELF
• SELF-ESTEEM IS HOW WE FEEL ABOUT SELF.
• THE FEELINGS DEVELOP OUT OF HOW OTHERS RESPOND TO
THREE QUESTIONS WE ALL CARRY AROUND WITH US
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DO I MATTER?
AM I CAPABLE?
CAN I INFLUENCE MY LIFE?
• THESE REFLECT THE BASIC UNCERTAINTY QUESTIONS WE
RAISED IN THE FIRST WEEKS OF THE COURSE – WHY WE ALL
TALK - PARTICULARLY:
– WHO AM I TO YOU IN THS SITUATION?
SELF-CONCEPT AND DEFENSE
• WE THINK AND TALK DEFENSIVELY TO AVOID
ANXIETY, GUILT FEELINGS - PSYCHIC PAIN
• BETTER TO DEFEND INCONSISTENT BEHAVIOR OR
A POOR SELF-CONCEPT THAN TO CHANGE
• WHEN WE FEEL OURSELVES TO BE “IN TROUBLE”
WITH REALITY WE DEFEND OURSELVES BY STAYING
HIGH ON THE INFERENCE LADDER BY USING WAYS
OF THINKING AND SPEAKING THAT ARE CALLED
“THE DEFENSES”
• HERE ARE A FEW:
THE DEFENSE MECHANISMS
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DENIAL: REFUSE TO ADMIT THREAT IS RELEVANT TO SELF OR ASSUME
IT CAN BE POSTPONED
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AVOIDANCE - REFUSING TO FACE THREAT; NOT BEING IN SITUATION
WHERE YOU HAVE TO DEAL WITH IT
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RATIONALIZATION - MOST COMMON: MAKING EXCUSES, EXPLAINING
AWAY THREATS
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INTELLECTUALIZATION - ENGAGING IN DETACHED ANALYSES OF
THREATENING PROBLEMS
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DISPLACEMENT: - INSTINCTUAL ACTIVITY IS REDIRECTED FROM A
MORE THREATENING ACTIVITY TO A LESS THREATENING PERSON,
OBJECT. KICKING THE CAT, PICKING ON ONE’S KIDS INSTEAD OF
DEALING REAL THREATS.
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PROJECTION: OPPOSITE OF BURYING INSIDE, ATTRIBUTE
THREATENING FEELINGS TO SOMEONE ELSE
SEE YOU THERE!
• THESE SLIDES REVIEW THE KEY
POINTS I WANT YOU TO KNOW
FROM THIS TERM
• FOLLOW THESE GUIDELINESS AND
HAVE A GREAT EXAM!!