Pages 561-570 & 574-578
By Sam Rosenberg
 1700-1914, up until World War I
 Two stages, 1700-1860 & 1860-1914
 Urban life and hygiene significantly improved
 Controversy over working conditions – formation of
unions
 Productivity increased dramatically
 Transportation became much more widespread,
connecting the urban areas to the rural areas
 Agricultural and manufacturing breakthroughs
 Inventors: John Kay (“flying shuttle” 1733), James
Hargreaves (spinning jenny 1764), Richard Arkwright
(water frame 1769), Samuel Crompton (spinning mule
1779), Thomas Newcomen (steam pump 1712), Eli Whitney
(cotton gin 1793), George Stephenson (Rocket, 1829)
 Karl Marx: Called for a worker (proletariat) led revolution,
believed workers should be in power; wrote Communist
Manifesto, saw class struggle as perpetual, called for the
creation of Unions (syndicats)
 Emmeline Pankhurst: one of the leaders in women’s
suffrage movements; formed some of the first
organizations
 1793 – invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney
 1831 – Michael Thomas Sadler investigated the
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conditions of child labor in factories
1832 – Reform Act (Redistributed public land to be
sold privately)
1833 – Factory Act (Forbade child labor)
1833 – Slavery abolished in United Kingdom
1819 – Peterloo Masacre
1834 – Poor Law (required limited assistance for lower
class for a sustainable life)
 Proletariat: the laborers who do the actual physical work of
production; Marx believed they should lead a revolution to
gain power
 Bourgeoisie: Employers as well as other members of the
middle class, professionals, artisans, and shop keepers; by
Marx’s standards, those who do not live by the sale of their
labor, as opposed to the proletariat
 Liberals and Tories: two major political parties in Britain at
the time
 Women’s suffrage movements: sometimes violent
demonstrations and organizations with the intention of
achieving better rights for women including the right to
vote
 Problems coping with change
 Alienation of factory workers from their work
 Alienation of workers from nature
 Dominance of husband over wife
 Economic competition leading to prioritization of
personal goals