Gabriele Köhler
Development economist, Munich
Visiting Fellow, IDS, Sussex office@gabrielekoehler.net
G.Koehler@ids.ac.uk
www.gabrielekoehler.net
Ludwig Maximilians University
PhD-Program International Health
Module I
Munich, 12 December 2011

1)
Human development and poverty
2)
Evolution of the development cooperation architecture
3)
The case for a bold vision: rights-based, universalist, transformative



Human Development Index, trends 1970-2010

Working poverty

Malnutrition

 at least 100 million more people hungry and undernourished
 an estimated 64 million more people in income poverty


205 million people unemployed at least 55,000 more children likely to die each year from 2009 to 2015

175 million children affected by climate change


Hans Rosling Tedtalk
 http://www.gapminder.org/videos/r educing-child-mortality-a-moraland-environmental-imperative/

2.) Evolution of development architecture
Phase I: Colonial administration
(1900s – 1950s)
Predominant ideology:
•
Spreading „progress“ and „civilisation“
Driving forces:
•
Colonial regimes for economic gain
•
Colonial regimes for resources
•
Colonial regimes for power

2.) Evolution of development architecture
Phase II: Independence movements &
„development aid“
(1960-1980)

Predominant ideology:

Transfer capital and technology to the capitaldeficient South – economistic approach to development

Keynesian economics

State led growth

Driving forces:
• independence movements in the South
• post-war recovery, affluence, guilt in the North –
•
Re- nascent globalisation

2.) Evolution of development architecture
Phase III: structural adjustment
(1980s – 1989/1990 and beyond)
Predominant ideology:
•
Overstating role of marktes, downplaying the role of the state, intervening in developing country governments‘ policy space

Driving forces:
•
Economic and political strength of the developed countries
•
Interest in „South“ for markets, production – global value chains
•
Debt crisis in the South

2.) Evolution of development architecture
Phase IV: Cooperation as “partnerships”
(1990s – 2000)

Predominant ideology:

End of the „cold war“ : rebalancing of power
•
Seeming collapse of state-led development
•
Series of UN global summits -
•
Social development theme

Driving forces:
• greater economic dependence of the North on the South
•
Emerging South North trade and investment

2.) Evolution of development architecture
Phase V: MDGs; Aid Effectiveness
(2000 – 2008)
•
Predominant ideologies:
push for human development
focus on social development – different from economistic approaches of the 1960s
development onus on the South
the „bad governance“ discourse

Driving forces: economic & political polarisation
•
Stalled progress on human development;
•
Slow economic growth – or jobless growth;
•
Multiple social exclusions;
•
Accelerating domestic conflicts;
•
Climate change and accelerating frequency of disasters

2.) Evolution of development architecture
Phase VI: Multi-polar development since 2008
Drivers

G-20, pushing „G-192“ aside

Emerging economies: BRIC(S) and BASIC with export success, outward investment, sovereign funds


New bilateral donors changing the donor landscape
Private foundations - more grants available
Predominant ideologies
“Pluri-pragmatism”
•
One size fits all versus national ownership & policy space
•
Growth and human development
•
Overemphasis on evidence based policy-making versus grand design and visions of social justice

Source: Authors' elaboration based on World Bank (2011), World Development Indicators, World Bank, Washington, DC

Source: Authors' elaboration based on World Bank (2011), World Development Indicators, World Bank, Washington, DC

Countries of the world estimated GDP in purchasing power parity, 2010 s

G 20 countries:
 Circa 90 per cent of global GNP
 80 per cent of world trade
 Two-thirds of the world's population.
( Source: http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx
Source: www.bbc.co.uk

G20 Seoul development consensus action points
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6) infrastructure, private investment and job creation, human resource development, trade, financial inclusion, growth with resilience,
7)
8)

 food security, domestic resource mobilization,
9) knowledge sharing
Principles: highlight human rights but reliance on economic growth

Country level innovations:
•
Progressive, rights-based, universalistic policies
•
•
•
•
Rights to education, health, school meals, food,
Right to work – employment – decent work
Right to information
Right to social protection
•
Rediscovery of the role of the state

Social protection policy environment
Some South Asian policy responses
Direct food transfers
Social
Assistance
Job
Creation
Affirmative action
Human rights
Cooked school meals (IND)
Subsidized PDS
(IND, NPL, BGD)
Subsidized grain prices
Universal old age pension (NPL)
Benazir Income
Support Program
(PAK)
Child benefit (NPL)
Unorganized sector health insurance
(IND)
National Rural
Employment
Guarantee (IND)
Employment
Generation for hard core poor (BGD)
Karnali Employment
Program (NPL)
Employment generation for rural unskilled workers (PAK)
Secondary school stipend for girls
(BGD)
Education for all
(NPL)
Child grants for girls
(IND)
Rural development and community based interventions
(IND)
Right to food/National
Food Security Act (IND)
Mid-day meal (IND)
Right to education (all)
Right to work (IND)
Right to health services
(all)
(IND, BGD, NPL)

New economic realities – poverty and vulnerability in South and North


Losers of globalisation – the informal economy, the poor, migrants, the socially excluded, children, women, people with disabilities
Winners: high growth economies, successful private sector, emerging economies, private donors taking on the development agenda

New colonialism

MICs – landgrab, collusion with corrupt governments – social and environmental sell-outs, ODA driven by security or commercial interests

G20 replacing “G192”, undermining the
UN

Converging North and South

MDG outcomes worst among socially excluded groups – in
North and South

Income gap widening

Human development gap widening within countries

The case for a bold vision

Improve – enhance - transform human development outcomes o o
Social justice –
Equitable inclusive human development









 human rights dimensions, human dignity, and choice income and and wealth inequalities social exclusion and poverty in multidimensional mode applicable to all societies all MDGs– food, employment, poverty, education, child & maternal health, HIV-
Aids etc, gender equality, environment




 violence and conflict ecological destruction and climate change subjective perceptions political and personal security
“bottom up” participatory decision making





 employment/decent work and asset access/social protection policy focus+ : ”heterodox”; from the South good governance solidarity universalism/social contracts domestic resource mobilisation

Universality and inclusiveness

Building resilience and reducing vulnerability

Building national economies/subnational/nationa l/global coherence



Normative umbrella of international development cooperation: Universal
Declaration of Human Rights

Recapture UN’s lead role in advocating for universal human rights and social justic e
Influence the discussions on “post 2015”

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28 April 2011
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Indiana University Press
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Questioning development. Essays in the theory, policies and practice of development interventions.
Metropolis Verlag: Marburg 1996
Gabriele Köhler, Policies towards social inclusion. Global Social Policy. April 2009: pp. 24-29, Sage publications
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(2008) www.gppi.net
. Accessed 25 Nov 2010
Dane Rowlands 2008. Emerging Donors in International Development Assistance: A Synthesis Report. Norman
Paterson School of International Affairs. Carleton University. http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/user-
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. Accessed 25 Nov 2010
Andy Sumner 2010. GLOBAL POVERTY AND THE NEW BOTTOM BILLION: WHAT IF THREE-Quarters of the poor live in MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES? WORKING PAPERIDS. www.ids.ac.uk

Gabriele Köhler, Development interventions: A parade of paradigms. In: Gabriele Köhler, Charles Gore et al, Questioning development. Essays in the theory, policies and practice of development interventions.
Metropolis Verlag: Marburg 1996 (for period up to 1995) (can be made available as a pdf)
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Jens Martens, 2011, Thinking ahead. Development Models and Indicators of Well-being Beyond the MDGs.
Friedrich Ebert Foundation and Global Policy Forum Europe.www.fes-globalization.
UNDP. Human Development Report 2010. www.undp.org
UNRISD, Combating Poverty and Inequality: Structural Change, Social Policy and Politics 2010. http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpPublications)/BBA20D83E347DBAFC125778200440A
A7?OpenDocument
UN General Assembly, Outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the 65 th session of the
General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals. September 2010. A/64/L-72. www.un.org/MDGs
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, accessed 22 Nov 2010 www.worldmapper.org/posters/worldmapper_map213_ver5.pd
, accessed 22 Nov 2010 http://www.g20.org/about_what_is_g20.aspx
, accessd 23 Nov 2010