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Pre-Columbian
America: Before
1492
Archaeology and Pre-Columbian Settlements
Early Inhabitants of the Americas
The Early Hunter-Gatherers
Agricultural Settlements and Chiefdoms
Mexica: Early Empires in Mesoamerica
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 > Archaeology and Pre-Columbian Settlements
Archaeology and Pre-Columbian Settlements
• Archaeology and History
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 > Archaeology and Pre-Columbian Settlements
Archaeology and History
• Excavation of Pre-Columbian settlements throughout North America provides
insights into the origins and cultures of early indigenous peoples, as well as the
conditions under which they lived.
• Scientific methods, such as radiocarbon dating, also allow historians to determine
with some accuracy when these communities were active and thriving.
• Asian nomads are thought to have entered the Americas on foot via the Bering
Land Bridge (also called Beringia, now the Bering Strait) and possibly via boat
along the Northwest coast. Exactly when the first group of people migrated to the
Americas is the subject of much debate.
• The Solutrean hypothesis, proposed in 1999 by archaeologists Stanford and
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Bradley, suggests that the Clovis people of North America could have inherited
spear-head producing technology from the Solutrean people who lived in southern
Europe 15,000 to 21,000 years ago.
• The archaeological record in the Americas is divided into five stages according to
an enduring system established by Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips: the Lithic
stage, the Archaic stage, the Formative stage, the Classical stage, and the PostClassical stage.
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 > Early Inhabitants of the Americas
Early Inhabitants of the Americas
• The First Americans
• African and Asian Origins
• Paleo-Indian Hunters
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 > Early Inhabitants of the Americas
The First Americans
• Beringia was an Ice Age land bridge that united the Eastern and Western
hemispheres between Siberia and Alaska.
• During the last Ice Age,
Bering Land Bridge
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 > Early Inhabitants of the Americas
African and Asian Origins
• Asian nomads are thought to have entered the Americas via the Bering Land
Bridge (Beringia), now the Bering Strait, and possibly via watercraft along the
Northwest coast.
• Coastal or "watercraft" theories have broad implications, one being that PaleoIndians in North America may not have been purely terrestrial big-game hunters,
but instead were already adapted to maritime or semi-maritime lifestyles.
• There is some evidence that modern humans left Africa at least 125,000 years
ago, arriving in southern China about 100,000 years ago.
• According to the Recent African Origin hypothesis, a small group of the early
humans living in East Africa migrated across the Red Sea about 70 millennia ago,
Asiatic Migration
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going on to populate the rest of the world.
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 > Early Inhabitants of the Americas
Paleo-Indian Hunters
• The Paleo-Indians carried highly efficient, fluted-style spear points as well as
microblades used for butchering and hide-processing.
• For Paleo-Indians, traveling light during frequent moves was a more efficient
utilization of calories than hunting and foraging farther and farther away from
more permanent encampments.
• As the climate changed and megafauna became extinct, Paleo-Indians were
forced to employ a mixed foraging strategy that included smaller terrestrial game,
aquatic animals, and a variety of flora.
Paleo-Indian Hunters
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 > The Early Hunter-Gatherers
The Early Hunter-Gatherers
• Archaic Hunters and Gatherers
• Great Bison Culture and Hunting
• Pacific Coast Culture
• Eastern Woodland Culture
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 > The Early Hunter-Gatherers
Archaic Hunters and Gatherers
• The Archaic stage was the second period of human occupation in the Americas; it
occurred from around 8000 to 2000 BCE.
• The Archaic period in the Americas saw a changing environment featuring a
warmer, more arid climate and the disappearance of the last megafauna.
• The Archaic stage was characterized by subsistence economies supported
through the exploitation of nuts, seeds, and shellfish.
• Beginning around 4000 BCE across what is now the southeastern United States,
people exploited wetland resources to create large shell middens.
Americas, 1000 BCE
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 > The Early Hunter-Gatherers
Great Bison Culture and Hunting
• Between 10,500 BCE and 9,500 BCE (11,500 - 12,500 years ago), the broadspectrum, big game hunters of the Great Plains began to focus on a single animal
species: the bison.
• Paleo-Indians were not numerous, and population densities were quite low during
this time.
• These bison-oriented indigenous peoples inhabited a portion of the North
American continent known as the Great Basin.
• The climate in the Great Basin was very arid, which affected the lifestyles and
cultures of its inhabitants.
Map showing the Great Basin
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 > The Early Hunter-Gatherers
Pacific Coast Culture
• Due to the prosperity made possible by the abundant natural resources in this
region, the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest developed complex
religious and social ceremonies, as well as many fine arts and crafts.
• Music was created to honor the Earth, creator, ancestors, and all other aspects of
the supernatural world.
• Many works of art served practical purposes, such as clothing, tools, weapons of
war and hunting, transportation, and shelter; but others were purely aesthetic.
• The Pacific Coast was at one time the most densely populated area of North
America in terms of indigenous peoples.
Pacific Coast Art
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 > The Early Hunter-Gatherers
Eastern Woodland Culture
• This time period is widely regarded as a developmental period for the people of
this region, as they steadily advanced in their means of cultivation, tools and
textile manufacture, and use of pottery.
• While the increasing use of agriculture meant the nomadic nature of many groups
was supplanted by permanent villages, intensive agriculture did not become the
norm for most cultures until the succeeding Mississippian period.
• The Early Woodland period differed from the Archaic period in the appearance of
permanent settlements, elaborate burial practices, intensive collection and
horticulture of starchy seed plants, differentiation in social organization and
specialized activities.
Hopewell Mounds
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• Due to the similarity of earthworks and burial goods, researchers assume a
common body of religious practice and cultural interaction existed throughout the
entire region (referred to as the "Hopewellian Interaction Sphere").
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 > Agricultural Settlements and Chiefdoms
Agricultural Settlements and Chiefdoms
• Agricultural Settlements and Chiefdoms
• Southwestern Cultures
• Woodland Burial Mounds and Chiefdoms
• Native Americans in the 1490's
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 > Agricultural Settlements and Chiefdoms
Agricultural Settlements and Chiefdoms
• The archaeological record suggests that humans in the Eastern Woodlands of
North America were collecting plants from the wild by 6,000 BCE, then gradually
modifying them by selective collection and cultivation.
• What is now accepted is that the eastern United States was one of about ten
regions in the world to become an "independent center of agricultural origin".
• The natives in what is now California and the Pacific Northwest practiced various
forms of forest gardening and fire-stick farming in the forests, grasslands, mixed
woodlands, and wetlands - ensuring that desired food and medicine plants
continued to be available.
Maize
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 > Agricultural Settlements and Chiefdoms
Southwestern Cultures
• Ways of life of early Southwestern peoples are described with a focus on the rise
and fall of the Anasazi and Hohokam societies.
• Extensive irrigation systems were developed and were among the largest of the
ancient world.
• Elaborate adobe and sandstone buildings were constructed, and highly
ornamental and artistic pottery was created.
Hohokam House
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 > Agricultural Settlements and Chiefdoms
Woodland Burial Mounds and Chiefdoms
• Some anthropological examples from this period are the Adena culture of Ohio
and nearby states, the subsequent Hopewell culture, and the Baytown culture.
• The Adena culture refers to what were probably a number of related NativeAmerican societies sharing a burial complex and ceremonial system.
• Adena mounds generally ranged in size from 20 to 300 feet in diameter and
served as burial structures, ceremonial sites, historical markers, and, possibly,
gathering places.
• The large and elaborate mound sites served a nearby scattering of people. The
population was dispersed in small settlements of one to two structures.
• Although the mounds are themselves beautiful artistic achievements, Adena
Baytown Culture
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artists also created smaller, more personal pieces of art.
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 > Agricultural Settlements and Chiefdoms
Native Americans in the 1490's
• Societies designated as part of Mississippian culture are known for their proclivity
for mound-building. They are also known for their complex political and social
organization, including institutionalized social inequality and centralization of
political and religious power.
• Intensive maize agriculture, which provided the basis for large-scale population
growth and craft specialization, also coincided with the development of
Mississippian culture.
• Scholars have theorized that drought and the collapse of maize agriculture,
together with possible deforestation and overhunting by the concentrated
populations, forced the Late Mississippian peoples to move away from major
Pre-Columbian Native American Cultures
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sites.
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 > Mexica: Early Empires in Mesoamerica
Mexica: Early Empires in Mesoamerica
• The Mexica: A Meso-American Culture
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492 > Mexica: Early Empires in Mesoamerica
The Mexica: A Meso-American Culture
• The Mexica migrated to present-day central Mexico and created a triple alliance
with other dominant tribes in the area. Over time, this alliance became the Aztec
Empire.
• The heart of Aztec power was economic unity. Conquered lands paid tribute to
the capital city, Tenochtitlan, the present-day site of Mexico City. Rich in tribute,
this capital grew in influence, size, and population.
• Because of the Empire's high rate of literacy, political and technological
accomplishments, and economic unity, elements of Mexica and Nahua culture
spread throughout Meso-America and remain culturally significant today.
Telamones Tula
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Appendix
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Key terms
• adobe A house made of adobe brick.
• artifact An object, such as a tool, weapon, or ornament, of archaeological or historical interest, especially such an object found
at an archaeological excavation.
• atlatl a wooden stick with a thong or perpendicularly protruding hook on the rear end that grips a grove or socket on the butt of
its accompanying spear.
• Baytown Culture The Baytown culture was a pre-Columbian Native-American culture that existed from 300 to 700 CE in the
lower Mississippi River Valley, consisting of sites in eastern Arkansas, western Tennessee, Louisiana, and western Mississippi.
• Beringia The Bering land bridge was roughly 1,000 miles (1,600 km) wide (north to south) at its greatest extent, which joined
present-day Alaska and eastern Siberia at various times during the Pleistocene ice ages.
• Beringia The Bering land bridge was a land bridge roughly 1,000 miles (1,600 km) wide (north to south) at its greatest extent,
which joined present-day Alaska and eastern Siberia at various times during the Pleistocene ice ages.
• chinampa A method of ancient agriculture, once used in Mexico, that used artificial islands of fertile land.
• Cultural Region A cultural region is inhabited by a culture that does not limit their geographic coverage to the borders of a
nation state, or to smaller subdivisions of a state.
• egalitarian Characterized by social equality and equal rights for all people.
• Eritrea Country in Eastern Africa. Official name: State of Eritrea. Its capital city is Asmara.
• flora plants considered as a group, especially those of a particular country, region, time, etc.
• Hopewell Culture The Hopewell tradition refers to common aspects of the Native-American culture that flourished along rivers in
the northeastern and midwestern United States from 200 BCE to 500 CE.
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
• irrigation The act or process of irrigating, or the state of being irrigated; especially, the operation of causing water to flow over
lands, for nourishing plants.
• maize Maize, known in many English-speaking countries as corn, is a grain domesticated by indigenous peoples in
Mesoamerica in prehistoric times.
• megafauna the large animals of a given region or time, considered as a group
• metates a morter and grind stone tool used for processing grain and seeds.
• Mexica The Mexica — called Aztecs in occidental historiography, although this term is not limited to the Mexica — were an
indigenous people of the Valley of Mexico, known today as the rulers of the Aztec empire. The Mexica were a Nahua people
who founded their two cities Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco on raised islets in Lake Texcoco around AD 1200.
• mitochondrial DNA The genetic material, inherited by cloning from one's mother, contained within the mitochondria of each of
one's cells.
• nomadic leading a wandering life with no fixed abode; peripatetic, itinerant
• Numic languages Numic is a branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family. It includes seven languages spoken by Native
American peoples traditionally living in the Great Basin, Colorado River basin, and southern Great Plains.
• Paleo-Environmental Data Data that encompass information about fossilized organisms and their associated environment,
including their life cycle, living interactions, and manner of death and burial.
• permaculture Any system of sustainable agriculture that renews natural resources and enriches local ecosystems.
• potlatch A ceremony amongst certain Native American peoples of the Pacific Coast in which gifts are bestowed upon guests
and personal property is destroyed in a show of wealth and generosity.
• Pre-Columbian An era that covers the historical period in the Americas before the appearance of significant European
influences and the conquest of indigenous cultures, sometimes centuries after Columbus' landing.
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
• radiocarbon dating A method of estimating the age of an artifact or biological vestige based on the relative amounts of the
different isotopes of carbon present in a sample.
• sandstone A sedimentary rock produced by the consolidation and compaction of sand, cemented with clay etc.
• sedentary not moving; relatively still; staying in the vicinity
• sedentary not moving; relatively still; staying in the vicinity
• sedentism a transitioning process that sees a nomadic population being placed into more permanent registrable settlements.
• shamanism a range of traditional beliefs and practices concerned with communication with the spirit world
• subsistence that which furnishes support to animal life; means of support; provisions, or that which produces provisions;
livelihood; as, a meager subsistence
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Telamones Tula
Toltec warriors were represented by the famous statues of Atlantis in Tula.
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Sumpweed
Sumpweed is thought to have been one of the early plants domesticated by Eastern Woodlands inhabitants.
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Americas, 1000 BCE
Simple map of subsistence methods in the Americas at 1000 BCE.Key:[Yellow] Mesolithic; hunter-gatherers [Green] Neolithic; simple farming
societies[Orange] Tribal chiefdoms or civilizations; complex farming societies
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Basin of Mexico
The Aztec Empire was based in the Basin of Mexico, pictured here.
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Wikipedia. "Basin of Mexico 1519 map-en." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basin_of_Mexico_1519_map-en.svg View on Boundless.com
Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Pre-Columbian Native American Cultures
Cultures in North America prior to European contact ranged from north to south: Arctic, Northwest, Mississippian, Aridoamerica, Mesoamerica, IsthmoColombian area, Caribbean, South american, Amazon, and Andes.
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Crossing the Red Sea
There is some evidence that modern humans left Africa at least 125,000 years before present (BP) using two different routes: the Nile Valley heading to
the Middle East - at least into modern Israel - and a second route through the present-day Bab-el-Mandeb Strait on the Red Sea
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Asiatic Migration
One theory suggests that Southeast Asians followed the coast lines from the Kuril Islands to Alaska.
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Wikimedia. "Sea of Okhotsk map." GNU FDL http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sea_of_Okhotsk_map.png View on Boundless.com
Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Spreading Homo Sapiens
Map of early human migrations based on the Out of Africa theory
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Pacific Coast Art
Tribal art included plank houses and totem poles that served as a constant reminder of their birth places, lineages, and nations.
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Wikimedia. "Wawadit'la(Mungo Martin House) a Kwakwaka'wakw big house." CC BY-SA
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Hohokam House
Photo of the Great House at the Casa Grande Ruins National Monument.
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Hopewell Mounds
The Eastern Woodland cultures valued burial mounds for important people, such as these of the Hopewell Tradition in Ohio.
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Bering Land Bridge
It is believed that a small Paleo-Indian population of a few thousand survived the Last Glacial Maximum in Beringia. This group was isolated from its
ancestor populations in Asia for at least 5,000 years before expanding to populate the Americas sometime after 16,500 years ago.
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Hopewell Interaction Area and local expressions of the Hopewell tradition
Throughout the Southeast and north of the Ohio River, burial mounds of important people were very elaborate and contained a variety of mortuary gifts,
many of which were not local. The most archaeologically certifiable sites of burial during this time were in Illinois and Ohio. These have come to be
known as the Hopewell tradition.
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Map showing the Great Basin
The Great Basin is the multi-state endorheic area surrounded by the Pacific Watershed of North America, home to the pre-Columbian indigenous
peoples of the Great Basin.
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Maize
Maize was a major crop for most all of the early agricultural societies in North America.
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Baytown Culture
This map shows the geographical extent of the Baytown culture.
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Wikimedia. "Troyville and Baytown cultures map HRoe 2011." CC BY-SA
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Paleo-Indian Hunters
The Lithic peoples, or Paleo-Indians, were nomadic hunter-gatherers and are the earliest known humans of the Americas.
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Wikipedia. "Glyptodon old drawing." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glyptodon_old_drawing.jpg View on Boundless.com
Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
What evidence of human activity was found at the Topper Site in
South Carolina that dates back 50,000 years?
A) an ancient Bison
B) human bones
C) worked stone tools
D) extinct fauna
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
What evidence of human activity was found at the Topper Site in
South Carolina that dates back 50,000 years?
A) an ancient Bison
B) human bones
C) worked stone tools
D) extinct fauna
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
It is generally agreed that the first Americans came from
________ across the ________.
A) Asia, Bering Strait
B) Europe, Atlantic Ocean
C) Australia, Pacific Ocean
D) Africa, Red Sea
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
It is generally agreed that the first Americans came from
________ across the ________.
A) Asia, Bering Strait
B) Europe, Atlantic Ocean
C) Australia, Pacific Ocean
D) Africa, Red Sea
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Recent studies suggest a possible genetic link between Native
Americans and the people of
A) Australia and the Pacific Islands
B) Africa and Eastern Europe
C) Asia and Europe
D) Asia and Africa
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Recent studies suggest a possible genetic link between Native
Americans and the people of
A) Australia and the Pacific Islands
B) Africa and Eastern Europe
C) Asia and Europe
D) Asia and Africa
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
The first Americas responded to rising temperatures in the
northern part of the continent by:
A) Migrating to Alaska alongside herds of megafauna
B) Developing the Clovis culture, which used mixed foraging strategies
C) Establishing large mobile communities that used mixed foraging
strategies
D) Establishing small mobile groups of big game hunters
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
The first Americas responded to rising temperatures in the
northern part of the continent by:
A) Migrating to Alaska alongside herds of megafauna
B) Developing the Clovis culture, which used mixed foraging strategies
C) Establishing large mobile communities that used mixed foraging
strategies
D) Establishing small mobile groups of big game hunters
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
The Archaic period was characterized by
A) Large communities relying on hunting big game and subsistence
farming
B) A changing environment featuring a cooler more arid climate
C) The reappearance of megafauna and rising temperatures in the
Southeast
D) The adoption of sedentary farming witin local communities
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
The Archaic period was characterized by
A) Large communities relying on hunting big game and subsistence
farming
B) A changing environment featuring a cooler more arid climate
C) The reappearance of megafauna and rising temperatures in the
Southeast
D) The adoption of sedentary farming witin local communities
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the Great
Basin culture?
A) The Great Basin tribes were predominately gatherers and big game
hunters
B) The tribes of the Great Basin shared common cultural elements
C) The tribes of the Great Basin had no permanent settlements and did
not practice agriculture
D) The Great Basin tribes established permanent settlements with
diverse cultural elements
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the Great
Basin culture?
A) The Great Basin tribes were predominately gatherers and big game
hunters
B) The tribes of the Great Basin shared common cultural elements
C) The tribes of the Great Basin had no permanent settlements and did
not practice agriculture
D) The Great Basin tribes established permanent settlements with
diverse cultural elements
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
The abundance of rich natural resources in the Northwest
A) Created one large densely populated civilization along the Pacific
coast
B) Allowed many different nations to develop with their own distinct
history, culture and society
C) Allowed homogenous cultures to develop along the coast with similar
societies and cultures
D) All of these answers
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
The abundance of rich natural resources in the Northwest
A) Created one large densely populated civilization along the Pacific
coast
B) Allowed many different nations to develop with their own distinct
history, culture and society
C) Allowed homogenous cultures to develop along the coast with similar
societies and cultures
D) All of these answers
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
The increased use of improved agriculture practices resulted in
A) The development of permanent settlements
B) All of these answers.
C) The development of elaborate burial practices
D) The collection and horticulture of plants
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
The increased use of improved agriculture practices resulted in
A) The development of permanent settlements
B) All of these answers.
C) The development of elaborate burial practices
D) The collection and horticulture of plants
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Which of the following statements correctly describes the
agricultural settlements of North America?
A) Northwestern tribes used agricultural practices first used only in
Mesoamerica
B) The region was one of the first to become an independent center of
agricultural origin.
C) Agriculture practices improved rapidly throughout Native North
American communities in 2,500 BCE.
D) agricultural practices, including growing staples like maize and
squash, were imported from Mexico.
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Which of the following statements correctly describes the
agricultural settlements of North America?
A) Northwestern tribes used agricultural practices first used only in
Mesoamerica
B) The region was one of the first to become an independent center of
agricultural origin.
C) Agriculture practices improved rapidly throughout Native North
American communities in 2,500 BCE.
D) agricultural practices, including growing staples like maize and
squash, were imported from Mexico.
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Native American groups flourished in the Southwest between 900
and 1130 CE due to the following;
A) A period of wet conditions and nearby rivers allowed tribes to perfect
irrigation farming.
B) Arid conditions of the region forced tribes to perfect architecture and to
expand trade routes.
C) The “Great Drought” forced groups to improve dwelling structures and
expand trade routes.
D) Movement towards smaller settlements allowed people to perfect
pottery and domesticate animals.
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Native American groups flourished in the Southwest between 900
and 1130 CE due to the following;
A) A period of wet conditions and nearby rivers allowed tribes to perfect
irrigation farming.
B) Arid conditions of the region forced tribes to perfect architecture and to
expand trade routes.
C) The “Great Drought” forced groups to improve dwelling structures and
expand trade routes.
D) Movement towards smaller settlements allowed people to perfect
pottery and domesticate animals.
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Which of the following is NOT true about the mound building
cultures during the Woodland period?
A) These tribes were also known for their extensive trade network,
agricultural practices and pottery.
B) Many of the mounds served as burial structures and stood in isolation
from domestic living areas.
C) Remnants of the Adena mound building culture are scattered
throughout the Ohio Valley.
D) The Adena and Hopewell culture were the only mound-building
communities during this period.
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Which of the following is NOT true about the mound building
cultures during the Woodland period?
A) These tribes were also known for their extensive trade network,
agricultural practices and pottery.
B) Many of the mounds served as burial structures and stood in isolation
from domestic living areas.
C) Remnants of the Adena mound building culture are scattered
throughout the Ohio Valley.
D) The Adena and Hopewell culture were the only mound-building
communities during this period.
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
The decline of Mississippian culture can be analyzed by
examining which of the following occurrences?
A) Global climate change of the Little Ice Age
B) Drought and the collapse of maize agriculture
C) All of these answers
D) Deforestation and overhunting by concentrated populations
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
The decline of Mississippian culture can be analyzed by
examining which of the following occurrences?
A) Global climate change of the Little Ice Age
B) Drought and the collapse of maize agriculture
C) All of these answers
D) Deforestation and overhunting by concentrated populations
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Which of the following practices did NOT help the Aztec
confederacy increase in power and size?
A) Adopting cultural, artistic and astronomical innovations from
conquered people.
B) Enforcing economic unity that required conquered groups to pay
tribute to the capital
C) Large-scale human sacrifice of mostly prisoners and conquered
people
D) Intensive agriculture production that allowed the capital to feed
thousands of residents
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Which of the following practices did NOT help the Aztec
confederacy increase in power and size?
A) Adopting cultural, artistic and astronomical innovations from
conquered people.
B) Enforcing economic unity that required conquered groups to pay
tribute to the capital
C) Large-scale human sacrifice of mostly prisoners and conquered
people
D) Intensive agriculture production that allowed the capital to feed
thousands of residents
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "Paleo-Indians." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-Indians
• Wiktionary. "sedentary." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sedentary
• Wiktionary. "subsistence." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subsistence
• Wikipedia. "Archaic period in the Americas." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaic_period_in_the_Americas
• Wikibooks. "The History of the Native Peoples of the Americas/Introduction - The First People in the New World." CC BY-SA
3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/The_History_of_the_Native_Peoples_of_the_Americas/Introduction__The_First_People_in_the_New_World#The_Early_Hunter-Gatherers
• Wikipedia. "Woodland period." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland_period
• Wiktionary. "atlatl." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atlatl
• Wikipedia. "maize." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/maize
• Wikipedia. "Mississippian Culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian_Culture
• Wiktionary. "sedentism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sedentism
• Wiktionary. "chinampa." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chinampa
• Wikipedia. "Mexica." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexica
• Wikibooks. "US History/Pre-Columbian." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/US_History/PreColumbian#Early_Empires_of_Mesoamerica
• Wikipedia. "Mexica." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexica
• Wikipedia. "Nahua people." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahua_people#Pre-Columbian_period
• Wikipedia. "Paleo-Indians." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-Indians
• Wikipedia. "Cultural Region." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural%20Region
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
• Wikipedia. "Numic languages." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numic%20languages
• Wikipedia. "Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Great_Basin
• Wikipedia. "metates." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metates
• Wiktionary. "irrigation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/irrigation
• Wiktionary. "adobe." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adobe
• Wiktionary. "sandstone." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sandstone
• Wikibooks. "US History/Pre-Columbian." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/US_History/PreColumbian#Early_Empires_of_the_Southwest
• Wiktionary. "shamanism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shamanism
• Wikipedia. "Baytown Culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baytown%20Culture
• Wikipedia. "Hopewell Culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell%20Culture
• Wikipedia. "Adena culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adena_culture
• Wikipedia. "Mound builder (people)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound_builder_(people)#Woodland_period
• Wiktionary. "potlatch." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/potlatch
• Wikipedia. "Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast
• Wikipedia. "History of agriculture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculture#Eastern_North_America
• Wikipedia. "Agriculture in the prehistoric Southwest." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_prehistoric_Southwest
• Wiktionary. "permaculture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/permaculture
• Wiktionary. "sedentary." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sedentary
• Wiktionary. "egalitarian." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/egalitarian
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
• Wikibooks. "The History of the Native Peoples of the Americas/Introduction - The First People in the New World." CC BY-SA
3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/The_History_of_the_Native_Peoples_of_the_Americas/Introduction__The_First_People_in_the_New_World
• Wikipedia. "Eastern Agricultural Complex." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex
• Wikipedia. "Ancient American history." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_American_history
• Wikipedia. "Archaeology of the Americas." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Americas
• Wikipedia. "Paleo-Environmental Data." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-Environmental%20Data
• Wiktionary. "radiocarbon dating." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/radiocarbon_dating
• Wikibooks. "US History/Pre-Columbian." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/US_History/Pre-Columbian
• Wikipedia. "Pre-Columbian." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian
• Wiktionary. "artifact." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/artifact
• Wikipedia. "Clovis culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_culture
• Wikipedia. "Settlement of the Americas." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_of_the_Americas
• Wiktionary. "Eritrea." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Eritrea
• Wiktionary. "mitochondrial DNA." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mitochondrial+DNA
• Wikipedia. "Beringia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia
• Wikipedia. "Early human migrations." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_human_migrations#Exodus_from_Africa
• Wikipedia. "Pre-Columbian era." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#Asiatic_migration
• Wikipedia. "Settlement of the Americas." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_of_the_Americas
• Wikipedia. "Pre-Columbian era." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era
• Wiktionary. "nomadic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nomadic
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Pre-Columbian America: Before 1492
• Wikipedia. "Beringia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia
• Wikipedia. "Origins of Paleoindians." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_Paleoindians
• Wikipedia. "Native Americans in the United States." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States#Pre-Columbian
• Wikibooks. "US History/Pre-Columbian." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/US_History/PreColumbian#Early_Inhabitants_of_the_Americas
• Wikipedia. "Paleo-Indians." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-Indians
• Wiktionary. "flora." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/flora
• Wiktionary. "megafauna." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/megafauna
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