Intelligence
5 parts to intelligence
Objectives the student will
• Define intelligence
• Trace the steps of the I.Q. test and show the
Formula
• Describe culture affects and the stereo type
threat
• Create the graphic organizer with Sternberg's
intelligence theory Gardner’s theory
Old measuring
• 4,000 years ago:
• China gives an oral examination, every 3
years, to civil service employees.
• Ask questions about laws and procedures
• Written test later
• U.S./ England adopt testing procedures
Core Concept
• Intelligence testing has a history of
controversy, but most psychologists now view
intelligence as a normally distributed trait that
can be measured by performance on a variety
of tasks- both verbal and non-verbal
chapter 7
Defining intelligence
Intelligence
An inferred characteristic of an individual, usually defined as the
ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly,
act purposefully, or adapt to changes in the environment
g factor
A general intellectual ability assumed by many theorists to underlie
specific mental abilities and talents
chapter 7
Psychometrics
The measurement of mental abilities, traits, and
processes
chapter 7
The psychometric
approach
IQ scores distributed normally
Bell-shaped curve
Very high and very low scores
are rare.
68% of people have IQ scores
between 85 and 115.
99.7% between 55 and 145
Binet and Simon Invent a School abilities
test
• Binet ( Bi-NAY) And Simon- 1904
• France wants to school every child- need to
find out who needs help. B/S get job
• Give 30 question test= success
chapter 7
The invention of IQ tests
Binet believed we should measure a child’s mental age.
Binet and Simon developed a test which measured memory,
vocabulary, and perceptual discrimination.
Mental age was divided by chronological age and multiplied by
100 to get an intelligence quotient.
Now IQ scores are derived from norms provided for
standardized intelligence tests.
Components to test= 4
• Score test on current performance
• Used to identify special help NOT bright or
dull
• Said Training and opportunity affects
intelligence
• Used EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE, Based on how
children performed
Sample Questions for Binet
• Name objects in a picture
• Repeat a 15 word sentence given by the
instructor
• Give a word that rhymes with spoken word
• Comply with simple commands
30 parts to test
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"Le Regard"
Prehension Provoked by a Tactile Stimulus
Prehension Provoked by a Visual Perception
Recognition of Food
Immediate Comparison of Two Lines of
Unequal Lengths
6-10
• Quest of Food Complicated by a Slight
Mechanical Difficulty
• Execution of Simple Commands and Imitation
of Simple Gestures
• Verbal Knowledge of Objects
• Verbal Knowledge of Pictures
• Naming of Designated Objects
11-15
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Synthesis of Three Words in One Sentence
Reply to an Abstract Question
Reversal of the Hands of a Clock
Paper Cutting
Definitions of Abstract Terms
16-20
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Comparison of Lengths
Five Weights to be Placed in Order
Gap in Weights
Exercise upon Rhymes
Verbal Gaps to be Filled
21-25
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Comparison of Known Objects from Memory
Exercise of Memory on Pictures
Drawing a Design from Memory
Immediate Repetition of Figures
Resemblances of Several Known Objects Given
from Memory
26-30
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Repetition of Three Figures
Comparison of Two Weights
Suggestibility
Verbal Definition of Known Objects
Repetition of Sentences of Fifteen Words
Results of Test
• Average age of Child computed
• Scores compared to averages for children of
various ages
• Scores expressed in Mental Age (ME), average
age where particular students score.
• Measured against Chronological age ( CA)
• X’s 100 to eliminate decimals
Formula
American Psychologists Borrow S/B ideas
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U.S. takes test; Called IQ test
Brought in by Lewis Terman (Stanford)
Modify scoring procedures
Expands test content
Tests adults
Reasons for testing in U.S.- Lot of immigrants,
all children will be schooled, Military
intelligence
Formula/ Today
• IQ= mental age divided by Chronological Age x
100
• For example child 8 years old (CA)/ 10 (ME)=
1.25 x 100=125 IQ
chapter 7
Wechsler tests
performance tasks
chapter 7
Can IQ tests be culture
free?
Attempts to make IQ tests culture fair or culture free have
backfired because different cultures have different problemsolving strategies.
Culture affects a person’s. . .
Attitude toward exams
Comfort in settings required for testing
Motivation
Rapport with test provider
Competitiveness
Ease of independent problem solving
chapter 7
Expectations and IQ
Scores are affected by expectations for performance
Expectations are shaped by stereotypes
Stereotype threat
Burden of doubt one feels about his/her performance due to negative
stereotypes about his/her group
Stereotype threat affects African-Americans, Latinos/Latinas, low-income
people, women, and the elderly.
chapter 7
Stereotype threat
chapter 7
Sternberg’s triarchic theory
Componential (analytic)
Comparing, analyzing, and evaluating
This type of process correlates best with IQ
Experiential (creative)
Inventing solution to new problems
Transfer skills to new situations
Contextual (practical)
Applying the things you know to everyday contexts
chapter 7
Domains of intelligence
Emotional intelligence
Ability to identify your own and other people’s emotions accurately
Ability to express your emotions clearly
Ability to manage emotions in self and others
Appears to be biologically based (Damasio, 1994)
Howard Gardner’s theory of
intelligence
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Musical aptitude
Kinesthetic (body grace, body awareness)
Insight into yourself
Others
Natural world
Understanding yourself and others= emotional
intelligence
• Math
• Verbal
Mental Retardation
• Mental Retardation- practical abilities to get
along in the real world
• No mention of IQ
• Causes: Genetics (down syndrome),
Environment (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)
• Dealing with M.R.- Special education,
pregnancy care services, diet
Gifted
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Top 1-2 %- I.Q. score 30 points above average
Lewis Terman completes study of G.K.
Excel in school, good health, happy
Studied 1528 students
2000 Scientific articles, patented 235
inventions, wrote 92 books
summary
• I.Q. test- explain
• Sternbergs tri theory, analyze