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Human Development and Pregnancy > Second Week of Development
Second Week of Development
• Trophoblast Development
• Bilaminar Embryonic Disc Development
• Amnion Development
• Yolk Sac Development
• Sinusoid Development
• Development of the Extraembryonic Coelom
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Appendix
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Key terms
• amnion The innermost membrane of the fetal membranes of reptiles, birds, and mammals; the sac in which the embryo is
suspended.
• amniotic fluid In placental mammals, a fluid contained within the amnion membrane that surrounds a developing embryo or
fetus. Also called liquor amnii.
• bilaminar Formed of, or having, two laminae, or thin plates.
• chorion The protective and nutritive membrane that attaches higher vertebrate fetuses to the uterus.
• embryonic disk The floor of the amniotic cavity is formed by the embryonic disk (or disc), composed of a layer of prismatic cells,
the embryonic ectoderm, derived from the inner cell-mass and lying in apposition with the endoderm.
• extraembryonic coelom The extraembryonic coelom (or Chorionic cavity) is a portion of the conceptus consisting of a cavity
between Heuser's membrane and the trophoblast.
• extravillous trophoblast Extravillous trophoblasts grow out from the placenta and penetrate into the decidualised uterus.
• gestational sac The gestational sac (or gestation sac) is the only available intrauterine structure that can be used to determine if
an intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) exists, until the embryo is identified.
• Heuser's membrane Heuser's membrane (or the exocoelomic membrane) is a short-lived combination of hypoblast cells and
extracellular matrix
• optic disc the location where ganglion cell axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve
• sinusoid Any of several channels through which venous blood passes in various organs.
• trophoblast The membrane of cells that forms the wall of a blastocyst during early pregnancy, providing nutrients to the embryo
and later developing into part of the placenta.
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Human Development and Pregnancy
• vitelline circulation Vitelline circulation refers to the system of blood flowing from the embryo to the yolk sac and back again.
• vitelline veins The vitelline veins are veins which drain blood from the yolk sac.
• yolk sac A membranous sac attached to an embryo, providing early nourishment in the form of yolk in bony fishes, sharks,
reptiles, birds, and primitive mammals. It functions as the developmental circulatory system of the human embryo before
internal circulation begins.
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Amnion
The human fetus is enclosed within the amnion.
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Extraembryonic Coelom or Chorionic Cavitiy
Section through ovum embedded in the uterine decidua. (am. Amniotic cavity. b.c. Blood-clot. b.s. Body-stalk. ect. Embryonic ectoderm. ent. Entoderm.
mes. Mesoderm. m.v. Maternal vessels. tr. Trophoblast. u.e. Uterine epithelium. u.g. Uterine glands. y.s. Yolk-sac. )
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Extraembryonic Coelom or Chorionic Cavitiy
Section through ovum embedded in the uterine decidua. (am. Amniotic cavity. b.c. Blood-clot. b.s. Body-stalk. ect. Embryonic ectoderm. ent. Entoderm.
mes. Mesoderm. m.v. Maternal vessels. tr. Trophoblast. u.e. Uterine epithelium. u.g. Uterine glands. y.s. Yolk-sac. )
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Vitelline Veins
The liver and the veins in connection with it, of a human embryo, 24 or 25 days old, as seen from the ventral surface. (Vitelline veins visible at center
bottom. )
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Yolk sac
The yolk sac is a membranous sac attached to the embryo that provides nourishment in the form of yolk.
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Surface view of a rabbit embryo
ar-embryonic discpr-primitive streak
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the
trophoblast?
A) trophoblasts differentiate from the fertilized egg after the epiblasts and
hypoblasts
B) syncytiotrophoblast cells in contact with maternal blood facilitate
exchange of nutrients and gases
C) trophoblasts: two layers of cells that provide nutrients to the embryo
and form part of the placenta
D) cytotrophoblast in villi differentiate into extravillous trophoblast,
attaching placenta to mother
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the
trophoblast?
A) trophoblasts differentiate from the fertilized egg after the epiblasts and
hypoblasts
B) syncytiotrophoblast cells in contact with maternal blood facilitate
exchange of nutrients and gases
C) trophoblasts: two layers of cells that provide nutrients to the embryo
and form part of the placenta
D) cytotrophoblast in villi differentiate into extravillous trophoblast,
attaching placenta to mother
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Which of the following is the bilaminar embryonic disc?
A) hollow ball of cells that flattens prior to implantation, splitting into
epiblast and hypoblast
B) a disc derived from the hypoblast layer of the amnion
C) bilaminar disc forms after gastrulation when the notochord forms
D) flat plate of prismatic cells forming after implantation and prior to
gastrulation
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Which of the following is the bilaminar embryonic disc?
A) hollow ball of cells that flattens prior to implantation, splitting into
epiblast and hypoblast
B) a disc derived from the hypoblast layer of the amnion
C) bilaminar disc forms after gastrulation when the notochord forms
D) flat plate of prismatic cells forming after implantation and prior to
gastrulation
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Which of the following does NOT describe amnion development?
A) at earliest observed embryonic stage, amnion sac is present
B) by 4th to 5th week, amniotic fluid fills the sac, obliterating the
extraembryonic coelom
C) the amniotic fluid protects the fetus, but the fetus has no direct contact
with the fluid
D) amniotic fluid allows free movement of the fetus while also protecting it
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Which of the following does NOT describe amnion development?
A) at earliest observed embryonic stage, amnion sac is present
B) by 4th to 5th week, amniotic fluid fills the sac, obliterating the
extraembryonic coelom
C) the amniotic fluid protects the fetus, but the fetus has no direct contact
with the fluid
D) amniotic fluid allows free movement of the fetus while also protecting it
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Human Development and Pregnancy
A)
B)
C)
D)
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Human Development and Pregnancy
A)
B)
C)
D)
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Which of the following does NOT correctly describe embryonic
sinusoids?
A) vitelline veins drain blood from the yolk sac
B) vitelline veins are broken up by the developing liver into a capillary
plexus
C) sinusoids, a type of fenestrated capillary, have a diaphragm that
increases their permeability
D) the capillaries in the plexus are open pore type or sinusoids and are
especially permeable
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Which of the following does NOT correctly describe embryonic
sinusoids?
A) vitelline veins drain blood from the yolk sac
B) vitelline veins are broken up by the developing liver into a capillary
plexus
C) sinusoids, a type of fenestrated capillary, have a diaphragm that
increases their permeability
D) the capillaries in the plexus are open pore type or sinusoids and are
especially permeable
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Which of the following does NOT correctly describe an aspect of
extraembryonic coelom development?
A) the extraembryonic coelemic cavity is also the chorionic cavity
enclosed by the chorionic plate
B) mesenchymal cells fill space between Heuser's membrane &
trophoblast forming extraembryonic mesoderm
C) extraembryonic mesoderm develop lacunae which grow to form
extraembryonic coelom
D) the primitive yolk sac differentiates into extraembryonic trophoblast
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Which of the following does NOT correctly describe an aspect of
extraembryonic coelom development?
A) the extraembryonic coelemic cavity is also the chorionic cavity
enclosed by the chorionic plate
B) mesenchymal cells fill space between Heuser's membrane &
trophoblast forming extraembryonic mesoderm
C) extraembryonic mesoderm develop lacunae which grow to form
extraembryonic coelom
D) the primitive yolk sac differentiates into extraembryonic trophoblast
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Human Development and Pregnancy
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "Amnion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnion#In_humans
• Wiktionary. "amniotic fluid." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amniotic+fluid
• Wiktionary. "amnion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amnion
• Wikipedia. "embryonic disk." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/embryonic%20disk
• Wikipedia. "Trophoblast." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophoblast
• Wikipedia. "extravillous trophoblast." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/extravillous%20trophoblast
• Wiktionary. "trophoblast." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trophoblast
• Wikipedia. "Extra-embryonic coelom." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra-embryonic_coelom
• Wikipedia. "Chorion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorion#Growth
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/chorion
• Wikipedia. "extraembryonic coelom." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/extraembryonic%20coelom
• Wikipedia. "Heuser's membrane." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuser's%20membrane
• Wikipedia. "Sinusoid (blood vessel)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinusoid_(blood_vessel)
• Wikipedia. "Vitelline veins." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitelline_veins
• Wiktionary. "sinusoid." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sinusoid
• Wikipedia. "vitelline veins." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vitelline%20veins
• Wikipedia. "Implantation (human embryo)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implantation_(human_embryo)
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Human Development and Pregnancy
• Wikipedia. "Yolk sac." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolk_sac#In_humans
• Wikipedia. "Endodermal sinus tumor." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endodermal_sinus_tumor
• Wiktionary. "yolk sac." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yolk+sac
• Wikipedia. "vitelline circulation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vitelline%20circulation
• Wikipedia. "gestational sac." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gestational%20sac
• Wikispaces. "scientia - Development of Bilaminar Embryo." CC BY-SA
http://scientia.wikispaces.com/Development+of+Bilaminar+Embryo
• Wikipedia. "Embryonic disk." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_disk
• Wiktionary. "optic disc." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/optic+disc
• Wiktionary. "bilaminar." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bilaminar
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