• Represent a 3d object in 2d.
• Show a scaled representation of an object.
• Unambiguously capture all geometric features of an object.
• Convey all required information that will allow an object to be produced from raw material.
Giant crossbow by
Leonardo da Vinci . His ideas have survived 500 years through his detailed sketches.

Representing 3d objects in 2d
Isometric projection: One view of an object in which the three axes of space
(x,y,z) appear equally foreshortened.
Orthographic projection: Multiple views of an object from points of view rotated about the object's center through increments of 90 °. The views are positioned relative to each other.

Orthographic projection can provide six planar views of an object.
Show multiple views to convey every detail.
Center lines are short+long dashed
Hidden lines are short dashed

Orthographic projection : each view can be thought of as projections of an object onto the sides of a glass box.
Top view
Front view
Side view
Orthographic projections

Isometric projections are useful for assembly drawings
Nice isometric sketches work well.
Assembly drawing
Isometric projection with dimensions.

Center lines
A thick continuous line is used for visible edges and outlines.
A thin line is used for hatching, leader lines, short centre lines, dimensions and projections.
Dashed lines are used to show hidden edges and important hidden detail, for example wall thickness and holes.
Thin chain lines indicate center lines . Center lines are used to identify the center of a circle, cylindrical features, or a line of symmetry.
Hidden lines

Section views reveal hidden details.
Section views are indicated by the direction of arrows.

Basics of dimensioning
-Always dimension from a common line or surface (datum). This eliminates the addition of measurement or machining inaccuracies that would come from "chain" or "series" dimensioning.
- Whenever possible dimension lines should not touch or cross either edge lines or extension lines.
- Locate as many dimensions as possible on only one or two sides of an orthographic view.
- Indicate on the drawing the unit of measure
(inches).
Anatomy of a dimension

An excellent tutorial by Richard Link at the US Naval Academy is available from the Senior Design website. Take a look for additional dimensioning tips as well as a checklist of dimensioning Dos and Don’ts.

• AutoCAD
• Pro/ENGINEER
• Google SketchUp
• TurboCAD
• QCad
• XFig
• Typically NOT
• Microsoft Word
• Paint
• Photoshop

Dimension tolerances are important! Small or “tight” tolerances are expensive. Overall tolerances should typically be specified.
One MIL is one thousandth of an inch.
1 MIL=1/1000 inch=0.001 inch=1x10 -3 inch
1 MIL=0.0254mm=25.4 microns

• Clamping (vice, C-clamps)
• Cutting (hack saw, band saw, table saw)
• Drilling (drill press, milling machine)
• Grinding (grinding wheel)
• Bending (press brakes)
• Milling (milling machine)
• Turning (lathe)
• Punching (punch press)
• Laser cutting (CNC laser cutter)
Hacksaw
Drill press
Vice
Band saw
Press brake
Milling machine Lathe

– Whenever possible use off-the-shelf components.
• Buy a box (“electronics enclosure”) instead of making one.
• Erector set approach: bolt simple parts together to create more complex structures.
– If you must have a part fabricated then keep the design as simple as possible!
• Straight edges are much easier to cut than curved edges.
• Few edges are better than many (rectangles instead of pentagons).
• Round holes are easier to drill than square holes!!
KISS principle
Solid block with a thru-hole
NO!
YES!

- Simple parts can be easily cut and drilled from pre-formed raw material
-Drill and tap simple parts to join them together with bolts and nuts.
- Complex structures can be fabricated from simple components.

– Lowes, Ace Hardware, WalMart

1) Create a mental picture of the final product.
2) Determine overall dimensions. Sketch an isometric view.
3) List each part required (bolts, nuts, brackets, bearings, hinges, motors, etc).
4) Determine which parts can be purchased off-the-shelf. (Hint: as many as possible!) List them in a table that indicates the vendor, vendor part #, description (size, thread type, etc), quantity needed, and price.
5) Create multi-view drawings for each part that must be cut, drilled, and/or machined, or modified in any way.
6) Create assembly drawings that show how each part fits together to produce the final product.
7) If a machinist is doing any of the fabrication then have your plans reviewed by a knowledgeable engineer (Prof Kay).
8) Begin fabrication. If a machinist is doing the work for you then be available to answer questions. Provide your contact information (cell phone number) with your plans.

Create a mental picture of the final product.
Determine overall dimensions. Sketch an isometric view.
Use engineering paper.
Mechanical Drawing (1932) by Irene Rice Pereira

List each part required (bolts, nuts, brackets, bearings, hinges, motors, etc).

Determine which parts can be purchased off-the-shelf. (Hint: as many as possible!) List them in a table that indicates the vendor, vendor part #, description (size, thread type, etc), quantity needed, and price.

Create multi-view drawings for each part that must be cut, drilled, and/or machined, or modified in any way.
HINT : Sketch the orthographic views of each part on paper before drawing them with CAD software.

Create assembly drawings that show how each part fits together to produce the final product.
Sometimes good sketches make fine assembly drawings.

Another example of an assembly drawing created by an ECE158 student (AutoCAD).
Illustration of the mechanomyogram sensor showing the two accelerometers and lead wire innervations.

1) Create a mental picture of the final product.
2) Determine overall dimensions. Sketch an isometric view.
3) List each part required (bolts, nuts, brackets, bearings, hinges, motors, etc).
4) Determine which parts can be purchased off-the-shelf. (Hint: as many as possible!) List them in a table that indicates the vendor, vendor part #, description (size, thread type, etc), quantity needed, and price.
5) Create multi-view drawings for each part that must be cut, drilled, and/or machined, or modified in any way.
6) Create assembly drawings that show how each part fits together to produce the final product.
7) If a machinist is doing any of the fabrication then have your plans reviewed by a knowledgeable engineer (Prof Kay).
8) Begin fabrication. If a machinist is doing the work for you then be available to answer questions. Provide your contact information (cell phone number) with your plans.

• Will charge between $60 and $120 per hour.
• May charge a minumum of one day’s work.
• Must be able to understand your fabrication plan. If not then it costs money!
• In the US machinists usually prefer English units (inches).
• If you have a friend who is a machinist then ask them for advice to improve your fabrication plan.
• The machinists in the basement of Tompkins Hall are available for complex fabrication procedures that you might not be able to accomplish yourself.
They are not ECE Senior Design instructors. Do not ask them to design your project for you. They are professionals and their time is important.
• If you would like the Tompkins Hall machinists to fabricate a necessary component of your project then follow the machine shop procedures available from the Senior Design Course website. When your fabrication plan is complete it must be certified by Prof Kay. Once it is certified you may submit your fabrication plan and drawings to the Tompkins Hall machinists.

Remember: Anyone should be able to build your device using your fabrication plan …. even 500 years in the future!
Flying machine by Leonardo da Vinci.