 Chronic
training effects are achieved after a period of
training, and once produced remains a feature of the body
until training ceases. Detraining occurs if the athlete ceases
training and the body reverts to the pre-exercise level.
Cardiovascular Responses
Cardiac Hypertrophy
•Hypertrophy of the muscle fibres (anaerobic training)
•Increase in the size of the left ventricle (aerobic training)
Cardiovascular Responses
• Decreased Heart Rate (HR)
•Lower resting Heart Rate
•Lower Heart Rate in sub max exercise
•Slower increase in Heart Rate during exercise
•Faster return to resting Heart Rate post exercise
•Lower and Faster Steady State
•Maximum Heart Rate is unchanged
Cardiovascular Responses
Increased Stroke volume (SV)
From Wikipedia:
‘stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped from one
ventricle of the heart with each beat
Cardiovascular Responses
Increased Cardiac Output (Q)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cardiac output (Q) is the volume of blood being
pumped by the heart, in particular by a ventricle in a
minute. An average cardiac output would be 5L.min-1 for
a human male and 4.5L.min-1 for a female
Q = SV x HR
Cardiovascular Responses

Increased Vascularisation - training stimulates growth of new
blood vessels

Reduced Blood Pressure (BP)

Increased Blood Volume

Increased Haemoglobin levels
Cardiovascular Responses
Increased Arterio-Venous Oxygen Difference (A-VO2)
Increased absorption of oxygen by the muscles due to
increase in the myoglobin and the increased number and
size of the mitochondria
Respiratory Responses

Tidal volume is the lung volume representing the normal
volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and
exhalation when extra effort is not applied. Increased
 Respiratory Responses

Minute Ventilation during sub-max exercise
decreased

Minute Ventilation during max exercise

increased

Minute Ventilation is
the total volume of gas entering the lungs per minute.
V = Tidal Volume x Respiration Rate

Respiratory Responses

Decreased Oxygen Consumption
by the Diaphragm and the
Intercostals during submaximal
exercise.

Increased VO2 max
Respiratory Responses

Improved Lung Function – larger lung volume, increased
alveolar-capillary surface area

Aerobic Capacity – generally increases between 10 and 25% in
the first 6months of an intense aerobic training program.
Generally an increase of 40% within 2 years
Muscular Adaptations
•Fast Twitch a] fibres can take on Slow Twitch Characteristics
•Increased size of fast-twitch (anaerobic training) or
slow twitch fibres (aerobic training)
•Increased ATP, CP, Creatine and Glycogen stored in the muscles
•Increased ATP-PC splitting and resynthesis of enzymes
Muscular Adaptations

Increased Glycolytic Capacity

Increased Contractile Proteins

Increased myosin ATPase

Increased muscle pH buffering
Muscular Adaptations

Increased muscle hyperplasia
Hyperplasia (or "hypergenesis") is a general term referring to
the proliferation of cells within an organ or tissue beyond that
which is ordinarily seen (e.g. constantly dividing cells).

Increased mitochondria density and number

Increased myoglobin stores
Muscular Adaptations

Increased oxidative capacity via increased oxidative enzymes

Increased capillary density

Increased fat utilisation in sub maximal
exercise
 Muscular Adaptations

Increased stores and use of intramuscular triglycerides

Increased synthesis of glycogen

Increased storage of glycogen