PUBLIC WATER CORPORATION (PWC)
KHARTOUM
DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIC PLAN
FOR
Gezira State
Volume 1
BY
M&H CONSULTANCY SERVICES
August 2009
1
List of professionals and persons who supported the formulation process
of the strategic plan
State Level
#
Name
Occupation
Abd Al Bagi Nour Al Daeam
DG- State Water Corporation GS
Fath El Rahman Mohamed
Projects Manager
Badr Eddien Abdalla
Gazira State WES
GS State
Abdalla Ali Hassan
Ground Water and Wades'
Adel Ahmed Osman
Ground Water and Wades'
Musa Ali Ahmed
Ground Water and Wades'
Sami Omer Al Amin
Geologist /SWC
Seraq Mohamed Al Amin
State Strategic Planning GS
Ahmed Ali Abu Drai
Environment Health Department GS
Jad Alla Hassan Jad Allah
Ground Water and Wades'
11
Mustafe Aljak
Central Bureau of Statistics
12
Mohamed Omer Mustafa
Central Bureau of Statistics
13
Dr. Tigani Alnour Bashir
University of Gezira
14
Ferdous Nour Eldin
Ministry of Finance
15
Amal Fadl Allah Ali
State Strategic Planning GS
2
Project Manger,
List of professionals and persons who supported the formulation process of
the strategic plan
Federal Level
#
Name
Occupation
Mohamed Hassan Amar
Director General, Public Water Corporation
Sampath Kumar
Chief , UICEF WASH Programme , North Sudan
Mudawi Ibrahim Mohamed
National Coordinator, WES Programme, PWC.
Jo Smet
IRC
Peter J. Pury
Senior Programme Officer IRC
René van Lieshout
Senior Programme Officer, IRC
Ram Koirala
UNICEF ,WASH Manager , Khartoum
Fouad Yassa
WASH Specialist, UNICEF ,Sudan
Gamal Alamin
Strategic Planning Coordinator, PWC.
Hisham Alamir Yousif
Planning Department , PWC
Salah Alsidig
WES Project Coordinator , Central /Eastern Area
Omar Suni
GIS, Specialist, UNICEF Khartoum
Dr. Khalid Alzaki
Freelance Consultant, WES Programme , PC
Mongida Abdalla
Chemist , PWC/WES
Rasha Abdelrahman
Secretary, PWC/WES
Shaza Omar Alkhawad
Technical Support , PWC/WES
Ahmed Satti Ahmed
Strategic Planning Consultant , PWC
Tayalla Mohamed Ahmed
Emergency Consultant, PWC/WES
Mhgoub Saeed
M&H Consultancy Services
Hilal ELFadil Ahmed
M&H Consultancy Services
3
Acknowledgements
M&H Consultancy Services would like to express and record its sincere
gratitude and appreciations to all those involved in the assessment and
formulation process at Khartoum and Gazira level. We would like to mention
in particular the staff of the State Water Corporation (SWC), the Water and
Sanitation Project (WES)) in Gazira State for their valuable contributions.
A comprehensive inventory of the water sources in all villages and centres
was undertaken by a very instrumental team of young professionals during
the period May– October 2009.
The strategy formulation process was fully supported by the Director
General of the Gazira SWC Engineer Abd Al Bagi Nour Al Daeam ,,
Eng.Fateh Al Rahman Mohamed ,the Projects Manager and the Gazira
State WES Project Manager Badrelden Abdalla.
Our thanks also go to many senior officials, community leaders and other
WASH stakeholders in Gazira State for supporting the formulation process
during the initial consultation phase.
Public Water Corporation (PWC) and UNICEF/ WASH Programme have
provided a tremendous assistance in terms of guidance, funds and logistics.
The role and obligations of the Gazira State Government in facilitating the
process is greatly acknowledged.
We would like to acknowledge the role, commitment, follow up and decisions
made by the Director General of the Public Water Corporation Mr. Mohamed
Hassan Amar and the WES Programme National Coordinator Mr. Mudawi
Ibrahim to facilitate and streamline the assessment and the strategy
formulation process at various levels
Finally the responsibility for any errors in the text rests, however, with the
M&H Consultancy Services.
4
Table of Contents
List of Strategic staff involved at state levels .................................................. 2
List of professionals ........................................................................................ 3
Acknowledgements .......................................................................................... 4
List of Tables ................................................................................................... 8
List of Figures .................................................................................................. 9
Acronyms ....................................................................................................... 10
Executive summary........................................................................................ 12
Chapter I ....................................................................................................... 15
Introduction .................................................................................................... 15
1.2 Objective of the Strategy ...................................................................... 15
1.3 Expected Outputs ................................................................................. 15
1.4 Scope of the study................................................................................ 16
1.5 Methodology ......................................................................................... 16
1.6 Geological Setting ................................................................................ 17
1.6.1 The Pre- Cambrian Basement Complex ........................................ 17
1.6.2 The Nubian Sandstone Formation ................................................. 17
1.6.3 The Gezira Formation ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.6.4The Pleistocene Buried Channel .................................................... 18
1.7 Climate: ................................................................................................ 19
1.8 Physiography:....................................................................................... 20
1.9 Land use............................................................................................... 20
1.10. Socio-economics ............................................................................... 22
Chapter 2 ...................................................................................................... 23
Demography and animal resources ............................................................... 23
2.1 State population ................................................................................... 23
Chapter 3 ...................................................................................................... 26
5
Water Resources ........................................................................................... 26
3.1 Water Resources Development:........................................................... 26
3.2 Surface Water: ..................................................................................... 26
3.3 Rainfall ................................................................................................. 26
3.4 Groundwater resources: ....................................................................... 27
3.4.1 Gezira Aquifer: ............................................................................... 27
3.4.2 Nubian Sandstone aquifer: ............................................................ 27
3.4.3 Basement complex aquifer: ........................................................... 28
3.5 Water Sources ..................................................................................... 28
3.5.1 Water yard: .................................................................................... 29
3.5.2 Hand Pumps:- ................................................................................ 29
3.5.3 Slow sand filters: ............................................................................ 29
3.5.4 Haffirs: ........................................................................................... 29
3.5.5 Water Purification Plants:............................................................... 29
3.5.6 Hand dug wells .............................................................................. 29
Chapter 4 ...................................................................................................... 30
Current water supply status in Gezira State: .................................................. 30
4.1 Current Water Supply Status ................................................................ 30
4.2 Water quality ........................................................................................ 32
Chapter 5 ...................................................................................................... 34
Water Demand ............................................................................................... 34
5.1 Urban population water demand projection:......................................... 34
5.2 Rural population water demand projection: .......................................... 36
5.3 Livestock Water Demand: .................................................................... 37
5.4 Total Water Demand: ........................................................................... 38
Chapter (6) .................................................................................................... 39
Sanitation ....................................................................................................... 39
6.1 Access to sanitation ............................................................................. 39
Chapter (7) .................................................................................................... 41
6
Cross Cutting Issues ...................................................................................... 41
7.1 Tariffs Structure .................................................................................... 41
7.2 The Watsan Sector Partner .................................................................. 41
7.3 Surface water ....................................................................................... 42
Chapter 8 ...................................................................................................... 44
Conclusion and Recommendations ............................................................... 44
8.1 Sector Major Challenges ...................................................................... 44
8.2. Major challenges in relation to the water tariff Structure ...................... 45
8.3 Strategies for watsan sector ................................................................. 45
8.4 Recommendations ............................................................................... 46
7
List of Tables
Table(1) State total population projection up to 2016:
24
Table (2) urban population projection per Mahalia in Gezira State:
24
Table (3) Rural population projection & distribution over Gezira State:
25
Table (4) indicating discharge of three main rivers in Gezira State:
27
Table (5) Sudan Household Health Survey (SHHS) Indicators, 2006
31
Table (6) Safe Water Production in the State According to the functionality of 33
the Installed Sources:
34
Table (7) Estimated Water Supply from Rehabilitated facilities (m³/day)
Table (8) projected population in urban areas and possible water demand per
35
Mahalia (m3/day):
Table (9) Analysis of present situation of water supply per ³m /day in 2009
36
Table (10) analysis of available water supply for human population in the State
36
Table (11) Summary of urban population water estimated demand projection
37
2009-2016 (in thousands m3/day)
Table (12) Projection of rural population and water projection demand
37
projection per Mahalia (in m³/day):
Table (13) Summary of rural population water estimated demand projection
38
2009-2016 (m3/day).
Table (14) Summary of total water demand 2009-2016 in m³/day
39
Table (15) Summary of total water demand 2009-2016 in m³/day
39
Table (16) latrines construction % coverage of total population at rural areas 40
levels
Table (17) latrines construction % coverage of total population at urban areas
41
levels
Table (18) Status of groundwater quality and quantity per Mahalia
Table (19) Surface water quality and quantities for different Mahalias
8
43
43
List of Figures
Location map……………………………………………………………………………...
15
Geological map of Gazira state……………………………………...............................
20
Gazira vegetation cover……......................................................................................
22
Mahalia and administrative unit of Gazira state………………………….....................
26
Average rainfall………………………………………………………...............................
28
Ground water basin in Sudan……………………………………..................................
29
Access to safe water in Gazira state………………………………………………….....
31
Access to improve sanitation in Gazira state....……………………………………...…
40
9
Acronyms
AWD
Acute Watery Diarrhoea
GS
Gazira State
CBA
Comprehensive Peace Agreement
CBS
Central Bureau of Statistics
CBO
Community Based Organization
DG
Director General
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization
GOS
Government of Sudan
HAC
Humanitarian Aid Commission
HH
Household
HP
Hand Pump
IDPs
Internally Displaced People
MOE
Ministry of Education
MOH
Ministry of Health
NGO
None Governmental Organization
NWC
National Water Corporation
O&M
Operation and Maintenance
OTP
Outdoor Therapeutic Program
RWC
Rural Water Corporation
SC-US
Save the Children- United States
SDG
Sudanese Pound
SHHS
Sudan Household and Health Survey
SRC
Sudanese Red Crescent
SWC
State Water Corporation
UNDP
United Nation Development Program
UNFPA
United Nations Population Fund
10
UNHCR
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNICEF
United Nations Children’s Fund
UNMIS
United Nation Mission In Sudan
UNOCHA
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian
Affairs
UNOPS
United Nations Office for Services
Wash
Water ,sanitation and hygiene
WATSAN
Water and Sanitation
WES
Water and Environmental Sanitation
WFP
World Food Program
WHO
World Health Organization
WV
World Vision
WY
Water Yard
11
Executive summary
The overall objective of this assignment was to assess the watsan sector in
the state in order to facilitate formulation of a coherent water supply and
sanitation strategy to accelerate progress toward meeting the sector
Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and beyond.
This document is a conclusion of a lengthy consultation process undertaken
by M&H Consultancy Services under the supervision of Public Water
Corporation (PWC) and in close collaboration and cooperation with Gazira
State during the period May – August 2008. The assessment was funded by
PWC & UNICEF.
This document (volume I) and the data and information document (volume II)
pave the way for the development of the State Strategic plan through the
facilitation of the international firm ( IRC) and the national experts.
The water and sanitation strategic plan covers in principle only domestic water
supply, sanitation and hygiene; and does not focus on interrelated sectors like
irrigated agriculture livelihood, industry, mining and other issues.
The strategy development process has provided a unique opportunity to the
WATSAN sector in Gazira State to undertake a very comprehensive inventory
of the existing water supply and sanitation facilities in the urban centres and
rural areas. The data and information collected in the course of action will
form strong base for a solid information and knowledge management system
at present and in the future. It will also enhance and strengthen the state
watsan data base established over the last three years through the assistance
of the Public Water Corporation (PWC) and UNICEF.
The assessment involved
meetings and interactions with most of the
stakeholders including
decision makers, watsan sector professional ,
legislators NGOs, and user communities of water supply utilities and
sanitation services.
The assessment process revealed that the watsan sector in the state has
encountered several challenges in the recent past. The core of these
constraints and limitations are related to the institutional setup and structures;
roles and functions of stakeholders; inadequate capacity to deliver WATSAN
services; financial constraints; linkages among WATSAN actors within the
state and with the national bodies and finally inadequate information systems
and weak sector coordination
The assessment teams
have been very instrumental in highlighting the
WATSAN sector major constraints to the most senior officials in the state
during the formulation process.
Overlap and fragmentation of responsibilities among the sector stakeholders
for water provision has led to the deterioration of many water facilities in rural
and urban areas and constrained the sector to scale up and reach the
neediest segment of the society.
12
The overall methodology of the assessment was participatory and utilised
various methods including visits to the project sites, interviewing project staff,
beneficiaries at household level, using questionnaire, focus group discussions
and interviews. In addition to that desk review of project documents, various
reports pertinent to WATSAN sector in Gazira State were also undertaken, in
addition to the detailed WATSAN technical data and information collected.
Many state departments and agencies have provided useful information on
health education demography, animal resources, meteorology and funding.
The State Ministry of Health, Central Bureau of Statistics (Gazira Office),
Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Wealth and Natural Resources, Ministry of
Education and Ministry of Finance and Economics have contributed so
much to the success of the formulation process by providing the required
basic information and data.
The assessment revealed that the water supply for human , animal as well as
other minor uses consumption is estimated 240,000 m3/day in 2009 and will
be about 596,000 m3/day in 2016. Therefore rural water supply proportion
will be about 49% whereas urban water supply will be about 43% and
livestock water about 8% of the total water demand by the end of 2016.
The data and information collate Volume II document includes the results of
the Sudan Household and Health Survey conducted in 2006 (Annex I) to be
used as a reference and benchmark for monitoring the sector progress
towards achievement of MDGs. The results of the 5 th Sudan Population and
housing Census 2008 has been also incorporated in this document as a
reference for future population projections and to guide the sector future
plans. It also includes the fact sheet of WATSAN sector in Gazira State
which gives an impression and quick overview of the sector status. The fact
sheet is a handy tool that helps the sector professionals in fundraising and
development of proposals provided that this fact sheet is updated on regular
basis.
A list of the national and international organization (Annex VI) has been
prepared and included in this document to emphasize the role of partnership
in coordinating the resources and unifying approaches to realize the sector
overall objectives.
.
We would like to recommend establishment of planning and monitoring units
within the structure of the State Water Corporations (SWCs to take the tasks
of sector plans in addition to, the monitoring and evaluation role. The Policy
and Strategy development processes revealed that sector planning and
information management is inadequate at present.
Finally there is an urgent need to improve the sector current management
practices, structures, water pricing system, partner’s roles and responsibilities
in addition to evading total dependency on external support to realise the
objective of the State Strategic Plan for the period 2010 -2016.
13
Fig ( 1) State location Map
14
Chapter I
Introduction
1.1 Location
Gezira State is bounded by lat. 14:22 & 14:26 N and long. 33:29 & 33:34 E.
Gezira State is located in central part of Sudan and considered to be one of
most densely populated state with a total population o f 3,577,648, according
to the 5th Sudan Population census 2008. The State is bounded by the white
and Blue Nile Rivers (map 20), and generally represents a vast flat plain
made up of silts, sand and clay. The state is divided into seven Mahalias as
shown in map No.(2)-, it is a productive state in term of area and population.
The area is with gentle slope towards the Blue Nile basin. Blue Nile River and
its tributaries, rivers Rahad and Dinder are main topographical features in the
area.
1.2 Objective of the Strategy
The study aims at:
Assess the WATSAN sector in the state to facilitate formulation of coherent
water supply and sanitation strategy to accelerate progress toward meeting
the sector Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and beyond.
Realize the objectives of the WATSAN sector long term plans for the period
2010-2016.
1.3 Expected Outputs
Strategic plan final reports (soft and hard copies) with the following format:
Volume 1 to be the basis for the formulation process of state strategic plan
by the PWC and IRC during the period 2010 -2016. Volume 1 includes the
following:

Executive Summary

Introduction

Methodology

Water supply situation

Demography (projection of state population up to 2016) and demand.

Animal resources (projection up to 2016 and demand)

Availability and distribution of Water resources and sources

Rural water demand

Urban water demand Livestock projection

Major sector challenges

Thematic maps

Main findings, conclusions and recommendations

Annexes (Detailed terms of reference of the assessment )
15
Volume 11 including the following:

National Survey on health (Sudan Household and Health Survey 2006
“SSHS”

Technical data of the existing water sources.

Basic information for the development of the state Strategic plan.

State fact sheet to be used as State profile.

Summary of the 5th Sudan Population Census (2008).

Drinking water Standards.

List of National and International Organizations to emphasize the role of
partnership.
1.4 Scope of the study
1. Critical analysis of the water supply and sanitation situation in terms of
accessibility, availability of ground and surface water resources, current
and future demand.
2. A complete inventory/account of the water supply in each village, town and
outskirts of urban areas in terms of water quantity, quality, consumption
rate, future demand and overall technical aspects.
3. Review the organizational setup, institutional arrangements, strategies,
and implementation process, current and future plans at the state,
Mahalias and community level.
4. Identify the major challenges constraining the sector
5. Review the status of the sector human resources at state and Mahalias
levels in the state
6. Recommend measures and necessary actions to strengthen the SWCs
capacities in terms of planning , service delivery , monitoring and
evaluation
1.5 Methodology
The following methodology and approaches were adopted and pursued to
achieve the objective of the assessment:
1. The desk review took place at Khartoum and Gazera State. Available
information related to WATSAN services, health, animal resources,
forestry and agriculture were obtained in forms of maps and figures,
assessment reports and surveys
and used as sources for this
assessment. Water sector available documents, information and
16
secondary data produced in the past at both national and state level were
reviewed and examined.
2. Interviews and discussions with individuals, groups and key stakeholders
were used to acquire the required information and data for the assessment
process. This includes meetings with various parties holding different
positions; such as SWC staff members in Wad Medani , Gazera State,
Northern State WES Project Manager and individuals from other
concerned agencies.
3. The field assessment included interactions with communities to capture
their perspectives, spot checking of the established/existing water and
sanitation facilities.
4. Interviews with the key water and sanitation actors including, community
leaders, operators and caretakers of the facilities and NGOs assisting the
WATSAN sector.
5. Examination of the operational status and coverage of the WATSAN and
health services to have better ideas on the demand/supply situation in
addition to the sustainability of services.
1.6 Geological Setting
The rock sequence in Gezira State generally comprises the Pre- Cambrian
Basement complex rocks; the Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone; Quaternary
Gezira Formation, Pleistocene Buried Channel deposits and Recent alluvial
and superficial deposits(Andrew, 1948; Whiteman, 1971; Vail, 1982; Shadoul,
1980 and Babiker, 1995).
1.6.1 The Per- Cambrian Basement Complex
The oldest rock in the area is composed of Butana green schist, Felsites,
metamorphosed gneiss, granite and meta-sediments.
1.6.2 The Nubian Sandstone Formation
Nubian Sandstone formation is normally resting unconformably on the
basement complex rocks and of cretaceous age , is consisting of mudstones
and sandstones. It varies in thickness from few meters to about 115 meters
(Modawi, 2000).
Gazira formation of quaternary age is composed of unconsolidated
sediments overlying uncomformably from few meters up to 70 meters.
The Gezira formation represents the uppermost part of Khartoum basin.
It rests unconformable on the Nubian sandstone formation and overlain
by blown sand and other superficial deposits (Abdel Salam, 1966;
Whiteman, 1971; Vail, 1988). The Gezira formation is characterized by
rapid changes in facies (Suleri, 1956; El Badri, 1972) and climatic
changes during Pleistocene and Early Middle Holocene time, from
aridity to humid, these climatic changes has been reflected in the Blue
Nile river discharge and amount and type of sediments load (Anderson,
17
1982). The deposition of carbonate along the Blue Nile took place in
Holocene, and carbonate rich clay deposited in late Pleistocene, and the
environmental conditions have been favourable for carbonate
deposition in the Gezira sediments (Williams, 1982). Salam (1966)
recognized three subdivision of the Gezira formation: Upper clay
member, Lower sand member, and Mungata member, while El Birier
(1993) and Abu Zied (1997) divided the Gezira formation into upper and
lower beds.
1.6.4The Pleistocene Buried Channel
Deposits are composed of fluvial sediments derived from reworked Nubian
Sandstone and Basement complex, thickness of these deposits up to 100
meters. These are unconsolidated sediments which are made up of clay,
sands and carbonates in form of lenses (Babiker, 1995). The Recent
sediments, including the clays, Nile silts, and blown sand, this sediments
attains a thickness ranging from few meters to 55 meters.
18
Fig
(2)
Geological
Map
of
the
Gazira
state
1.7 Climate:
The climate in state is generally dry characterized by short rainy season (July
– Sept.) and dry relatively long season extends from November to April. The
annual rainfall range from 150 mm in the north to 250 mm in the south.
Rainfall intensity is increasing from north to south
19
Gezira is not largely depending upon rainfall except in the eastern part of
Butana area. However, from 1982 to 2000 the minimum rainfall recorded in
1990 and since that time onward rainfall intensity was generally increasing.
Anyhow, the average rainfall during the last thirty years is estimated within the
range of 250 -300 mm/year. Amel, 2007 reported that the average annual
rainfall for the period (1931 – 1960) estimated at 371 mm and for the period
(1971 – 2000) estimated at 271 mm, which indicate high drop in average
rainfall.
The mean monthly temperature is about 22 0c in January and 34 0C in May,
the maximum temperature is 42 0C in May while the minimum one is 14 0C in
January. Humidity is generally low at the minimum in April and maximum in
August. It varies fro 13% in the north to more than 60% in the southern part
of the State. The prevailing wind direction in winter is north – east and south
west in during the rainy season and the mean wind speed at 2 m height is 2 -3
m/s.
1.8 Physiography:
The land of Gezira is very flat with gentle slope from south to north of about
15 cm/km and from east to west beyond the ridges dividing Blue and White
Niles catchment areas Amel, 2007. Some depressions representing relicts of
Proto – Blue Nile system spreading in the central part of the state. However,
some isolated hills existing in Elfao, and Butana area and Jebel Elmaturi west
of Elmanagil, these are the only positive topography in the state.
1.9 Land use
The soil in the whole state is clay being part the central clay plains of Sudan.
Gezira agricultural project occupying the land between two Niles in form of a
triangle its apex near Khartoum and the base close to Sennar, established in
1925 and extending about 300 KM along the two Niles from south to north.
Gezira in central Sudan, occupying the tract between the White and Blue
Niles south of their convergence at Khartoum. The planned development of
the region for irrigated cotton cultivation has made it by far Sudan's leading
agricultural area. Originally operated by a private company in conjunction with
the government, the entire project was nationalized in 1950. The Sennar Dam
and the irrigation canals built there since 1925 and have put more than 2.5
million acres (1 million hectares) into cultivation. Cotton production was
increased in the 1970s, but by the 1990s increases in wheat production had
reduced cotton acreage by a third.
20
Fig (3) Gazira state vegetation cover
21
Total cultivated area is estimate at 1.62 million hectares. The Gezira scheme
alone accounts to 0.88 million ha. This scheme is cultivated by 123,066
farmers that own between 15 – 20 feddans per farmer. The scheme irrigated
by gravity from Gazira dam on the Blue Nile river with daily water discharge
about 31.5 Mm3/day. In addition to that Elrahad agricultural project is also
within the Gezira State and farmers mainly cultivating cotton, groundnut,
Sorghum and some vegetables.
Gezira farmers mainly growing cotton, sorghum, wheat, groundnut, and some
other vegetables, these are grown through two distinct periods; summer and
winter seasons. Some areas outside the scheme irrigated area are rainfed
crops mainly sorghum and sesame, they are depending mainly on short rainy
season for only about two months.
1.10. Socioeconomics
The State is characterized by strategic location, natural resource availability
(Blue Nile, Rahad river, potential Ground Water Aquifers, Seasonal Wadis
etc; infrastructure and services necessary for investment, expert manpower
and scientific and research institutions, high population density, roads and
railways and communication systems.
Gezira State cultivates cottons, sorghum, wheat, and many sorts of
vegetables, this is in addition to animal husbandry especially cows, sheep,
goats, donkeys and to some extent camels.
Lack of adequate safe water supply, in addition to poor hygiene education and
environmental situation in some parts of Gezira state are the main factors to
the higher rate of infant and child mortality and diarrhoea, malaria and
bilharzias which are the most common disease in Gezira.
These diseases are also seriously created socio economic problems with
adverse effect on agricultural output and school attendance especially in
South Managil , Um ElQura , west Hassaheisa localities , these Mahalias
facing shortage of safe water supply, because they represent areas of
basement rocks and saline water.
22
Chapter 2
Demography and Animal Resources
2.1 State population
Gezira State is one of most densely populated states due to availability of life
supporting activities, fertile soil, and availability of water resources as well as
health and education services. Gezira State is characterized by enabling and
attractive environment due to its strategic location and available agricultural
project along with other facilities. So far the State is one of the biggest state in
term of population and according to 2008 census the population estimated at
3,577,648 persons. Population projection up to 2016 is estimated to be
4,257,992 persons. The population growth before 2008 was estimated at
2.84%
Table(1) State total population projection up to 2016:
Populati
on type
Rural
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2,893,522
2957180
3022238
3088726
3156680
3226125
3297100
3369576
3443769
683229
698262
713621
729321
745367
761765
778525
795651
813155
897
917
937
958
979
1000
1022
1045
1068
3577648
3656359
3736796
3819005
3903327
3978890
4076647
4166272
4257992
Urban
Nomads
Total
Rural population in the state is representing 81% whereas urban population is
19% with some minor nomads. By 2016 population expected to increase by
12% so far these increase should be considered in water supply projection.
Table (2) urban population projection per Mahalia in Gezira State:
Mahalia
2008
2009
2010
2011
2013
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
289482
295851
302359
309011
322757
315809
322757
329858
337115
344531
Ganoub Elgezira
14446
14764
15089
15421
16107
15760
16107
16461
16823
17193
Elkamlin
35709
36495
37297
38118
39814
38957
39814
40690
41585
42500
Um Elgura
16361
16721
17089
17465
18242
17849
18242
18643
19053
19472
101663
103900
106185
108521
113349
110909
113349
115843
118391
120996
83310
85143
87016
88930
92886
90887
92886
94930
97018
99153
Elmangil
142258
145388
148586
151855
158610
155196
158610
162100
165666
169310
Total
683229
698262
713621
729321
761765
745367
761765
778525
795651
813155
Wad Medani
Hashesa
Sharg Elgezira
23
Since per capita per day in the rural Gezira is small compared to urban as
indicated under water demand projection and available water supply it is
observable that, Elmanagil, Ganoub Elgezira and Elhasahesa hosting about
63% of the rural population and about 60% of the total state population.
Investment and future plans should consider these facts and resources to be
distributed accordingly.
Table (3) Rural population projection & distribution over Gezira State:
Mahalia
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Wad
Medani
134381
137337
140359
143447
146603
149828
153124
156493
159936
Ganoub
Elgezira
540804
552702
564861
577288
589988
602968
616233
629791
643646
Elkamlin
366221
374278
382512
390927
399528
408317
417300
426481
435863
Um Elgura
202117
206564
211108
215752
220499
225350
230308
235314
240553
Elmangil
763958
780765
797942
815497
833438
851773
870512
889663
909236
Total
2893522
2957180
3022238
308872
6
315668
0
322612
5
329710
0
336957
6
3443769
24
Fig (4) Mahalias and Administrative Unit of Gazira State
25
Chapter 3
Water Resources
3.1 Water Resources Development:
Main water resources in this state are rivers Blue Nile, Eldinder and Elrahad
and their tributaries in addition to the rainfall and huge groundwater
resources. The details are indicated below:
3.2 Surface Water:
The main sources of surface water in the state are Blue Nile, Dinder and
Rahad in addition to other small Wadis. The Blue Nile has average annual
discharge of about 87.0 M m3 contributing with 54% of Nile water.
Part of the river water retained at Gazira and Elroseiris dams with present
capacity of 0.4 & 2.2 billion meters cube.
Table (4) indicating discharge of three main rivers in Gezira State:
River
Area
(million
ha)
Blue Nile at Diem
station
Average
annual
discharge
(million ha)
maximum
annual
discharge
(million ha)
Minimum
annual
discharge
(million ha)
49.0
15,200
300.0
Eldinder
2.68
3.0
5.0
0.3
Elrahad
1.8
1.0
2.5
0.4
3.3 Rainfall
Gezira is not largely depending upon rainfall except in the eastern part of
Butana area. However, from 1982 to 2000 the minimum rainfall recorded in
1990 and since that time onward rainfall intensity was generally increasing.
Anyhow, the average rainfall during the last thirty years is estimated within the
range of 250 -300 mm/year.
26
Fig (5) average rainfall
Average rainfall mm/y
500
450
400
350
rain fall mm
300
Average…
250
200
150
100
50
0
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Year
Amel, 2007 reported that the average annual rainfall for the period (1931 –
1960) estimated at 371 mm and for the period (1971 – 2000) estimated at 271
mm, which indicate high drop in average rainfall. It the same time it was
reported that August rainfall contributing with 40% and July with 29%,
whereas the balance will be from other months.
3.4 Groundwater resources:
Water in Gezira State generally occurs in Gezira, Nubian and basement
aquifers. Ahmed, 2004 indicated that 90% of Gezira water supply from the
Gezira aquifer, while about 10% is from Nubian sandstone aquifers. The Blue
Nile is the main sources of groundwater recharge.
3.4.1 Gezira Aquifer:
Water in this aquifer occurs under water table and semi confined conditions,
the Blue Nile is the main sources of groundwater recharge for this aquifer.
The black cotton soil has negative impact on groundwater recharge, it does
not support percolation of water downwards. The upper aquifers providing
water supply for shallow wells penetrating up to 45 meters, while deep Gezira
aquifer is providing water supply for relatively deep wells penetrating up to 90
meters and the average aquifer thickness is 30 m.
Groundwater quality recorded at present of good quality except in some
locations and pockets. Hardness of water generally high but within the
acceptable limits,
3.4.2 Nubian Sandstone Aquifer:
Occurs at variable depths, and not well exploited like in other parts of Sudan.
Water generally occurs under semi confined conditions and the average
saturated thickness is about 45 meters with excellent hydraulic properties,
Ahmed 2004.
27
3.4.3 Basement Complex Aquifer:
Basement complex aquifer in Gezira is generally of a very limited capacity
and recharge due to the nature of clay covering these rocks and preventing
water percolation down to fractures and joints.
Fig (6)
3.5 Water Sources Development:
Improved sources of drinking water are piped water (into dwelling, yard or
plot), public tap/standpipe, tube well/borehole, protected well, and rainwater
collection. Public house connection and tap/stand-pipe are the main source of
28
drinking water in urban and peri -urban areas especially while protected wells
are wildly used in rural areas and urban center as well.
3.5.1 Water Yards:
Deep and cased boreholes equipped with electrical submersible and turbine
pumps and elevated storage tank and distribution system. In recent year,
driven low yielding reciprocation pumps have been replaced by electrical
submersible pumps and generating sets for groundwater development in rural
areas. Water yards can provide enough water for both human and animal
consumption.
3.5.2 Hand Pumps:-
Hand pumps very popular in areas where ground water is not available in
enough quantities especially in basement complex areas in west and east of
Gezira state. Hand pumps are characterized by the following:
Suits the fragile ecological conditions and the scattered villages and
provides water even in crystalline rock areas.
Low cost, simple and easy to install, operate
communities.
and maintain by
Provides safe water and prevents surface contamination. .
3.5.3 Slow Sand Filters:
Slow sand filters are common in areas of limited groundwater like western and
eastern part of the state. These techniques are very common in areas of Elfao
Agricultural project and Elmanagil Agricultural extension. They are useful in
improving surface water quality.
3.5.4 Haffirs:
Although haffirs in general don’t provide safe domestic water as they are
subject to surface contamination, but they make up an important water
source for livestock. Haffirs water quality, for domestic use, can be improved
through fencing and installation of slow sand filters.
3.5.5 Water Purification Plants:
Urban centres along the Nile system used to depend on river water. Wad
Medani and among few town were established water purification plants as
main source of water.
3.5.6 Hand dug wells
Hand dug wells are shallow well and range of 3 to 20 meters depth , basically
used to provide water for livestock in some areas but the number of hand
dug is diminishing over the time due to the contaminated nature of their low
yields.
29
Chapter 4
Current Water Supply Status in Gezira State:
4.1 Current Water Supply Status
Access to improved water sources in El Gezira is 78% according to the
SHHS. Many Mahalias don’t reach this level
Fig (7) Access to water in Gazira state
Table (5) Sudan Household Health Survey (SHHS) Indicators, 2006
Summary Table of Findings
Use
of
Sanitary
means of excreta
disposal**** (%)
Use
of
improved
drinking water sources
and sanitary means of
excreta disposal*****
River Nile
73.8
1.3
27.9
83.2
62.9
Red Sea
33.1
2.4
84.9
51.3
22.3
Kassala
38.7
5.9
67.1
38.9
25.6
Gadarif
37.3
0.8
28.0
14.6
9.6
Khartoum
79.4
2.4
32.6
78.0
65.5
Gezira
77.9
0.7
28.2
31.9
30.2
(in minutes)*** (%)
68.3
of drinking water
79.7
(%)
Time to source
23.0
Appropriate
water
treatment (all drinking
water sources)**
2.1
(%)
80.3
Use
of
drinking
sources*
Northern
State
30
(%)
Water and Sanitation
improved
water
Background characteristics
Sudan Household Health Survey (SHHS) Indicators, 2006
Sinnar
80.7
0.4
30.7
26.1
23.1
Blue Nile
40.5
3.0
35.7
10.7
5.7
White Nile
46.4
1.4
65.4
31.0
22.5
N. Kordofan
47.0
1.3
45.8
28.3
21.5
S. Kordofan
60.2
0.1
38.9
14.2
7.2
N. Darfur
48.2
1.0
45.9
32.2
20.6
W. Darfur
39.6
1.9
28.8
29.8
18.5
S. Darfur
43.9
0.5
43.9
20.1
11.4
Jonglei
22.2
7.0
54.2
5.0
1.4
Upper Nile
60.0
12.4
45.3
7.5
4.9
Unity
57.1
8.1
42.5
5.5
3.6
Warab
61.2
6.4
32.9
1.9
1.9
NBG
48.8
16.5
42.5
5.3
3.1
WBG
37.2
37.5
36.4
8.5
4.4
Lakes
67.4
11.6
52.1
5.6
3.8
W. Equatoria
35.1
30.4
53.6
11.2
2.4
C. Equatoria
36.6
20.2
57.6
13.6
5.8
E. Equatoria
59.3
2.3
36.2
5.0
3.9
SUDAN
56.1
4.5
42.9
31.4
23.8
*SHHS indicator 37: Use of improved drinking water sources (Proportion of household members living in
households using improved sources of drinking water -- piped water; public tap; borehole/pump; protected
well; protected spring; rainwater).
**SHHS indicator 38: Appropriate water treatment ( Proportion of household members using water that
has been treated to make it safer to drink)
*****SHHS indicator 39: Time to source of drinking water (Proportion of households taking one hour or
more to go to source of drinking water, get water and return)
***SHHS indicator 40: Use of sanitary means of excreta disposal (Proportion of household members
using improved sanitation facilities (toilet connected to sewage system; any other flush toilet; improved pit
latrine; traditional pit latrine).
****SHHS indicator 41: Use of improved drinking water sources and adequate sanitary means
of excreta disposal (Proportion of household members using improved drinking water sources
and using sanitary means of excreta disposal)
31
4.2 Water Quality
Water quality in Gezira State is generally good, in some areas like Abu Guta
.water quality is poor due to high TDS in eastern part of Gezira and south
west of the state, groundwater is not available and community depending
mainly on surface water which is liable to contamination.
Gezira State has 2350 water sources about 40% fully functioning and
producing about 67% of total water supply, whereas the balance is from
partially functioning water sources. The table below indicating total available
water supply in the State, however, as indicated above animals and
institutional and other uses estimated at 30% the available supply for human
will be 55340 m3/day, when distributed over 2009 population the consumption
will be 19 l/c/d.
Despite the fact that the rural population represents about 80% only 62% of
current available water supply is allocated for them, the situation should be
improved and balanced development has to be considered in term of water
supply.
Table (6) Safe Water Production in the State According to the functionality of the
Installed Sources:
Type
No of
source
s
Fully
functional
Water
Production
m³
Partially
functional
Water
Productio
n m3
Urban
171
54
27,648
92
23,552
Rural
2,179
871
62,755
856
Total
2,350
925
90,403
948
Total
m3
Populatio
n
l/c/d
51,200
682,975
75
20,545
83,300
2,892,305
29
44,097
134,500
3,575,280
The service gab and projection of water demand can be partially covered by
rehabilitating existing water sources and in some areas minimizing the
leakage from network will save more water, especially in areas of old network
areas as indicated in the table below:
32
Table (7) Estimated Water Supply from Rehabilitated facilities (m³/day)
Type of Supply System
Rural
Urban
Unprotected Point Sources
3,950
-
Hand Pump
528
-
Mechanical Pump + stand post
11,900
-
Piped Water supply + stand post
753
-
Piped Water Supply + house Connection
2,110
-
Water supply Network Rehabilitation
-
5,805
Water supply Network Extension
-
13955
Total
19,241
19,760
In rural areas of Gezira State if all partially functioning water systems were
rehabilitated then total of (102,500 ) m³/day will be provided, considering loss
of 30% 71,778 m³/d will available for human consumption, additional new
sources are required to increase coverage to meet demand of population for
2010.
33
Chapter 5
Water Demand
5.1 Urban Population Water Demand Projection:
Water consumption for 2009 in urban areas is 67 l/c/d.. So far consumption
per capita per day for urban communities expected to increase from 67 in
2009 to 90 l/c/d in 2016.
Table (8) projected population in urban areas and possible water demand per
Mahalia (m3/day):
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Pop
E+053
302359
309011
315809
322757
329858
337115
344531
Demand
19822
21165
22558
24001
25498
27048
28655
31008
Pop
14764
15089
15421
15760
16107
16461
16823
17193
Demand
989
1056
1126
1198
1272
1350
1430
1547
Pop
36495
37297
38118
38957
39814
40690
41585
42500
Demand
2445
2611
2783
2961
3145
3337
3535
3825
Pop
16721
17089
17465
17849
18242
18643
19053
19472
Demand
1120
1196
1275
1357
1441
1529
1620
1752
Pop
E+051
106185
108521
110909
113349
115843
118391
120996
Demand
6961
7433
7922
8429
8955
9499
10063
10890
Pop
85143
87016
88930
90887
92886
94930
97018
99153
Demand
5705
6091
6492
6907
7338
7784
8247
8924
Pop
E+051
148586
151855
155196
158610
162100
169310
169310
Demand
9741
10401
11085
11795
12530
13292
14391
15238
Pop
E+057
713621
729321
745367
761765
778525
813155
813155
Demand
46784
49953
53240
56648
60179
63839
67940
73184
Mahalia
Wad
Medani
Ganoub
Elgezira
Elkamlin
Um Elgura
Hashesa
Sharg
Elgezira
Elmangil
Total
In the urban areas, if we consider various losses of total water production, the
total water available for human consumption will be 46,080 m³/day on the
other hand in rural areas will be 55,940 m³/day for year 2009 as indicated in
table (1).
34
2016
Table (9) Analysis of present situation of water supply per ³m /day in 2009
Year
2009
Rural water supply m³/day
83,300
Urban water supply m³/day
51,200
Animals m³/day 15% from rural water supply
12,495
Losses from Haffirs (60% of total hafier’s water)
2,370
Losses from other sources - rural (15% of total supply)
12,495
Losses from other sources - urban (10% of urban water supply)
5,120
Total supply for human m³/day
102,020
Actual rural population need for 2009
106,458
Actual urban population need for 2009
66,955
Actual animals needs
12,495
Grand Total water available for human and animals.
146,955
Deficit m³ /day
44,975
Table (10) analysis of available water supply for human population in the State
Year
Rural water supply m³/day
Urban water supply m³/day
Animals m³/day
Losses from Haffirs
2009
83,300
51,200
12,495
2,370
Losses from other sources - rural
Losses from other sources - urban
12,495
5,120
Total supply for human m³/day
Total water available rural
Total water available urban
Total water available animals
Grand Total water available for human and animals.
102,020
55,940
46,080
12,495
114,515
Deficit m³ /day
l/c/d in rural
l/c/d in urban
12,495
19
67
35
If all water systems in urban areas of Gezira State rehabilitated than the
current water sources/systems will give approximately about 64,000 (m3/day
which will meet the demand up to 2016 in urban centres without additional
water sources. So far rehabilitation of water facilities should be given priority
because they are cost effective and can be done in very short time.
Table (11) Summary of urban population water estimated demand projection
2009-2016 (in thousands m3/day):
Demand
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Urban pop.
698,262
713,621
729,321
745,367
761,765
778,525
795,651
813,155
Urban
demand
46,784
49,953
53,240
56,648
60,179
63,839
67,940
73,184
67
70
73
76
79
82
85
90
Consumption
l/c/d
5.2 Rural population water demand projection:
In the rural areas of Gezira State total available water supply for rural
communities is estimated about 56,186 m³/d for year 2009 (19 l/c/d).
The state is expecting water in 2016 to reach 40 l/c/d and total water supply
to be about 137,751 m³/d. However, if all none functioning water systems
brought back into operation then about 71,778 m³/d will be available and added
for human consumption, this will meet the community demand up to 2010.
Generally in the rural area of the state more focus to be on rehabilitation as
well as on construction of new facilities.
Discrepancy in service delivery in Gezira State between rural and urban
communities is observable, however, fair investment of resources will support
national development plan and hence will reduce overall pressure on
available water resources in cities and big towns.
Table (12) Projection of rural population and water projection demand
projection per Mahalia (in m³/day):
Mahalia
Wad
Medani
Ganoub
Elgezira
Elkamlin
Um
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Population
137337
140359
143447
146603
149828
153124
156493
159936
Demand
2609
3088
3586
4105
4645
5206
5790
6397
Population
552702
564861
577288
589988
602968
616233
629791
643646
Demand
10501
12427
14432
16520
18692
20952
23302
25746
Population
374278
382512
390927
399528
408317
417300
426481
435863
Demand
7111
8415
9773
11187
12658
14188
15780
17435
Population
206564
211108
215752
220499
225350
230308
235314
240553
36
Elgura
Hashesa
Sharg
Elgezira
Elmangil
Total
Demand
3925
4644
5394
6174
6986
7830
8707
9622
Population
517333
528715
540346
552234
564383
576800
589489
602458
Demand
9829
11632
13509
15463
17496
19611
21811
24098
Population
388201
396741
405469
414390
423506
432823
442345
452077
Demand
7376
8728
10137
11603
13129
14716
16367
18083
Population
780765
797942
815497
833438
851773
870512
889663
909236
Demand
14835
17555
20387
23336
26405
29597
32918
36369
Population
2957180
56,186
3022238
66,489
3088726
77,218
3156680
88,387
3226125
100,010
3297100
112,101
3369576
124,674
3443769
137,751
Demand
In the rural areas if applying the a factor of 30% available water supply for
animals and other uses then total of 55,3940 m³/day will be available for
community use, when distributed over 2009 population the consumption will
be 19 l/c/d, this quantity is far behind MDGs and a lot of efforts are needed to
improve the situation.
Table (13) Summary of rural population water estimated demand projection
2009-2016 (m3/day):
Demand
Rural pop.
Rural
demand
Consumption
l/c/d
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2,957,180 3,022,238 3,088,726 3,156,680 3,226,125 3,297,100
2015
2016
3,369,576
3,443,769
56,186
66,489
77,218
88,387
100,010
112,101
124,674
137,751
19
22
25
28
31
34
37
40
5.3 Livestock Water Demand:
Livestock is second activity in Gezira State, two modes were recognized agropastoralists and very small groups of nomads moving continuously and
searching for water and grass for their livestock, they are depending mainly
on seasonal grass and Blue Nile and canal water as well as on the rainfall.
37
Since Gezira state very rich in term of surface water from the Niles and
irrigating canals, then animal demand for 2009 is approximately representing
about 17% of total demand and expected to be 9% by 2016. On the other
hand water demand for institutional and other use for the whole state is
representing about 10% of total water demand in 2009 and expected to
represent 11% in 2016. As indicated above livestock of nomads is taking
water directly from human facilities. So far estimation of this livestock will be
part of overall water demand.
Table (14) Summary of animal water demand projection in m³/day
Demand
Animal
demand
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
42,659
44,531
46,489
48,542
50,682
52,927
2015
2016
55,265
57,772
5.4 Total Water Demand:
The total water demand in the Gezira State, for 2010 estimated at
284,501m3/day and will be about 596,000 m3/day in 2016 for rural, urban,
animals and other uses, as indicated in table (15) below.
It clear that , rural water supply will be about 49% ,43% for urban and 8%
estimated for livestock for total water supply in the state as projected in 2009.
Currently available water supply should be increased by 60% to achieve the
planned objectives in provision of water supply to meet the demand in 2016
according to current population growth.
Table (15) Summary of total water demand 2009-2016 in m³/day
Demand
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
60,179
63,839
Urban
demand
46,784
49,953 53,240
56,648
67,940
73,184
Rural demand
56,186
66,489 77,218
88,387 100,010 112,101 124,674
137,751
Animals
42,659
44,531 46,489
48,542
50,682
52,927
55,265
57,772
Other uses
24,037
28,821 33,791
38,974
44,345
49,979
55,817
62,300
284,,501 330,778 378,977 428,913 481,388 535,735
595,857
Total Demand
240,109
38
Chapter (6)
Sanitation
6.1 Access to sanitation
Access to adequate sanitation in Gezira is 32% according to the SHHS.
Many localities don’t reach this level as indicated in fig (8).
Still there is a big gab in sanitation especially in schools, public institutions
and market places. in rural and urban areas, and expect to be covered. The
state should give top priorities in their plans to bridge these gaps. Since
Gazira State is characterized by largest agricultural scheme in Africa and
liable for spreading water related diseases., the issue of sanitation must
addressed probably .
Proper waste treatment systems especially in big town should also be
encouraged to reduce health risks associated with on site sanitation, such as
pollution of surface water and groundwater protection. It also assists in
enhancing sustainable soil fertility by controlling the natural nutrients and use
of retreated water in agricultural and industrial usage.
Fig (8) Access to improved sanitation in Gazira
?????????????
Access to both improved water sources and adequate sanitation in El
Gezira is 30% according to the SHHS.
Access to both improved water sources and adequate sanitation in El Gezira
is 30% according to the SHHS
Impact of Emergency
2000
2006
Access to Water
78%
78%
Access to Sanitation
58%
32%
Access to Water & Sanitation
???
30%
39
Table (16) latrines construction % coverage of total population at rural areas
levels
Description
House
Holds %
coverage
School
%
coverage
health
%
coverage
other
%
coverage
Constructed latrines
51
63
64
55
Hygiene promotion
34
29
47
41
safe open defecation
47
-
-
-
Table (17) latrines construction % coverage of total population at urban areas
levels
Description
House
Hold %
School
health %
other %
coverage
coverage
coverage
%
coverage
Constructed latrines
85
89
100
64
Hygiene promotion
53
49
58
41
safe open defecation
57
-
-
-
40
Chapter (7)
Cross Cutting Issues
7.1 Tariffs Structure
Water has a social and economic values and it should be accorded its due
considerations. However, the government policy indicates that the cost of
production, provision and management of safe water should be borne by the
users. As water is essential for each person, poor sections of the society
should not be deprived of water because they are unable to pay for it. The
WATSAN sector draft Policy document recognizes that access to safe water
is a basic human right according to the Interim National Constitution of Sudan
and the UN declaration. The vulnerable sections of the community – children,
women and the elderly – should be given attention and priority of service.
In Gezira State, the applied
water Tariff has been approved by State
Assembly in 2000 .Many efforts were made by SWC over the last 5 year to
review the tariff to meet the increase in the water inputs without success. The
SWC has encountered many problems in relation to the water pricing system:
Inability to review the tariff
Difficulty in collecting the fees from the villages
At present, there is a water tariffs system in the urban town but the situation is
very ambiguous in the rural areas. In same Mahalias the, authority is in
charge of tariff collection jointly with communities. In the case of hand pumps
the communities have developed their own system to mange the facilities and
provide percentage of revenues to SWC.
7.2 The WATSAN Sector Partner

Various stakeholders in the water supply and sanitation sector should
move in harmony and coordination to achieve the desired sector
objectives. Clear delineation of mandates and obligations should be made
for each stakeholder in water supply and sanitation development and
management activities to achieve the aims of this Water Supply and
Sanitation Policy

The development partners should render their assistance under the
guidance and direction of the PWC at the Federal level and the SWC at
the State level periodically reporting to them on the performance of
respective programs

In the short term development partners should be engaged in the water
supply and sanitation sector, in providing direct development assistance to
compliment government and community inputs.
41

In the long term, the contribution of development partners should be
mainly in capacity building to support communities develop self-sufficiency
in water supply and sanitation services
 UNICEF is the only international agency that provides limited support to
the WATSAN sector in the state while Majzoub Charity Organization is the
only national NGO supporting the WATSAN sector in the state.
Table (18) Status of groundwater quality and quantity per Mahalia
Locality
Quality
Quantity
Hasahias
Fresh water in the south. Saline water in Abu
Gota region
Large
Kamleen
Fresh water in the south. Contaminated with
flouride in Eltekla area and some salinity in the
west (Waghara)
Large
East Gezira
Fresh water
Large, except in the
eastern part of the
locality
South Gezira
Fresh water except in south of the locality (WAD
Elbukhary)
large
Umm Elghura
Fresh
Large – except in south
east of the locality (B.
C.)
Great Medani
Fresh
large
Managil
Fresh in the eastern and southern parts. Saline in the
west and north west
large
7.3 Surface water
Table (19) Surface water quality and quantities for different Mahalias:
Locality
Quality
Quantity
Hasahias
Chemically Fresh Biologically contaminated
(canals)
Large
Kamleen
Chemically Fresh Biologically contaminated
(canals)
Large
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East Gezira
Chemically Fresh but turbid (rain water)
Seasonally
medium amount
South Gezira
Chemically Fresh Biologically contaminated
(canals)
Large
Umm Elghura
Chemically Fresh Biologically contaminated
Large
Great Medani
Fresh but turbid occasionally (Blue Nile)
Large
Managil
Chemically fit Biologically unfit (canals)
Large
43
–
Chapter 8
Conclusion and Recommendations
8.1 Sector Major Challenges

Deficiencies in the institutional setup, structures, policy instruments
and the overall environment is inadequate.

Linkages between PWC/ SWCs from one side
and SWCs and
Mahalias frorm another side are not clear and ambiguous .

There is a significant shortfall of qualified staff, equipment, and
supplies constraining the WATSAN to deliver better services.

The current strategies focus more on water supply facilities or
systems (hardware) and totally ignore the software aspects that
make them sustainable);

Limited statistics and information on actual number and growth rate of
animal populations along with estimation of animal that using man made
water sources compared to those using other natural water sources are
the main challenges

The Board of Directors is ineffective. There is need to emphasise
the role of this body to become more instrumental in directing the
policy of the WATSAN sector in the state.

The commercial electricity rate for the operation of the water supply
sources is extremely high and absorbs almost 40 -50 % of the
revenues .

Many areas depend on rainwater harvesting through the
construction of haffirs without proper treatment system and fencing.
Haffirs in most cases become sources for contamination and water
related diseases.

Lack of training for sector personnel in order to upgrade the quality
of services .

Federal funds are transferred to the states, for development of
water sources, are re-allocated and used for other purposes by the
State Governments.

Main challenge is that, population are scattered in small and remote
villages and in many cases water is not available for geological reasons.
44

There is no focal point for the promotion of the sanitation
component in the states and WATSAN services in the schools are
inadequate.

State Legislative Assembly has always been stiff/ inflexible in
approving new water tariffs. Some of the current tariffs in use were
approved in 2000 and before.

There are no clear plans regarding the safety of water supply to
control the WATSAN related diseases.

Inadequate linkages between the water, health and education
sector in connection to WATSAN services in schools and health
centres.

Improper technology options due to improper consultation of the
end users in the initial planning phase.

Inadequate information systems
8.2. Major challenges in relation to the water tariff Structure

Inability to review the tariff to meet the running costs .

Improper collection mechanism.

Conflict between Mahalias the SWC in responsibility.

Dependency on NGOs and external support on construction and
rehabilitation of water facilities during the civil war and the
reconstruction phase.

Inefficient mechanism for tariffs collection.
8.3 Strategies for watsan sector

Domestic water will be given highest priority among other water uses.
Community based and demand driven approaches shall be used and
leadership role of women in community water supply will be encouraged.

Government at federal/state levels shall take enabling measures – in
program funding training, promotion, logistic support etc.

Priority to the vulnerable sections of the communities shall be give.

The nomadic population shall be provided with water supply - including for
their livestock with consideration to the environment.
45

Community shall protect its water sources.

Water supply and sanitation programs shall be delivered in integrated
packages.

Minimum requirements for rural areas include water quality satisfying the
the Sudan Standards, Consumption rate should be not less than 20
l/c/day and access distance not more than 500 meters.

Livestock owners shall be charged for the water used by the herds of
livestock based on the applied tariff rate for the specific area.
8.4 Recommendations
1. Access to improved water sources is relatively high but access to sanitary
facilities remains vey poor in Gazera State and it is very crucial to look for
additional resources and capacities to outreach the most disadvantaged
communities in the state.
2. Establishment of planning units within the structure of the State Water
corporations SWC to take the tasks of sector plans in addition to, the
monitoring and evaluation role is highly recommended. The Policy and
Strategy development processes revealed that sector planning and
information management are inadequate.
3. The WATSAN sector technical data and information component needs to
be completed by adding additional hydro geological and water quality data.
The Gazera State Water Corporation also needs to take immediate actions
to ensure that theses information and data are properly entered in the
state database system
4. WATSAN sector partners need to fully engage the communities in
operation, maintenance and management of the water and sanitation
facilities along with hygiene promotion at village level and agencies should
work as facilitators and catalyst in this regard. This initiative requires active
involvement of WES (sector lead) to create the regulatory framework and
to consolidate the commitment required from key partners for the initiative
to become a reality
5. Training of community members including women in operation and
maintenance of water facilities in addition to the provision of tools kits and
spare parts are key for sustaining the existing WATSAN facilities. Further
step is to mobilize communities to establish water tariff system and to
ensure medium and long term suitability of WATSAN services
6. More focus on personal hygiene promotion at basic schools is essential to
ensure hygienic and proper use of facilities. This can be done through
training of both school children and teachers and establishment of school
clubs on voluntary basis for hygiene promotion.
46
7. SWC needs to establish a monitoring system to ensure timely and smooth
implementation of the interventions at the field level, and undertake timely
correction measures based on regular and effective monitoring
8. Existing Institutional and Legislative Frameworks need to be strengthened
and new ones instituted to enable the water supply and sanitation sectors
fulfil their objectives.
9. Rural water supply systems need to be designed to provide additional
supply for small scale economic uses .such as water for household
animals and backyard micro-irrigation.
10. There is a need for wider sector reform and restructuring to go hand on
hand with on going policy formulation process.
11. Waste water treatment is deemed necessary to avoid contamination of
the environment and water resources
47